秦代谪戍岭南商人对中原商业经济意识的传播

秦始皇在南征岭南的过程中,化大量的战国高人和战国商人子孙作为“七科谪“的对象,谪戍至商品经济极度落后的岭南地区;这些商人的到来,不仅使得岭南出现了商人这一新的社会阶层,出现了商业经济的突飞猛进局面;而且也通过他们的商业活动,把中原地区自春秋、战国以来积淀下来的先进的商业经济意识借助岭南“陆事寡而水事众”和“以舟辑为食”的优势,得以在海内外发扬光大,并直接促进了汉初“海上丝绸之路”的萌芽和发展。     

Capac Women and the Politics of Marriage in Early Colonial Peru

During the major Inca civil wars, Atahualpa had almost exterminated Huascar’s kin. Only a few capac women, those who descended from Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, remained alive. Atahualpa had planned to take them as his principal wives since only this type of marriage could successfully maintain the authority of the Incas over a large Andean territory. The Spanish arrival in 1532 interrupted his plans, but it did not eliminate Inca claims of sovereignty through marriage. In fact, it was through marriage that Atahualpa aimed to establish political alliances with Francisco Pizarro. While both Incas and Spaniards understood marriage on their own terms, there were many instances in which both were willing to redefine their own concepts of marriage in their struggle for power. In all of these, the women engaged in these unions were not only conscious about their political roles, but agents in the main historical events of this period.     

埃及学:一门近代新兴学科的诞生

埃及学是近代诞生的一门新兴学科,是研究古代埃及的语言、文字、历史、文学、艺术、宗教、建筑和科学技术的一门综合性学科。埃及学的诞生。带来了持续百年之久的考古发掘热潮;埃及象形文字的成功释读。极大地丰富了人们对古代埃及这一人类文明宝库的认识。     

The Gendered Identities of the ‘Lieutenant Nun’: Rethinking the Story of a Female Warrior in Early Modern Spain

This article analyses the story of Catalina de Erauso, a Spanish nun, who escaped from a convent at the beginning of the seventeenth century to begin a new life as a military warrior serving under the King of Spain in colonial Latin America. Her story reveals that notions of sex and gender at the time were surprisingly elastic and flexible, and often more associated with acts and behaviour than with physical bodies. By examining how the personage of the Lieutenant Nun has been treated in Spain and in Britain in the nineteenth century, this article also evaluates the extent to which certain pre‐modern ideas about sex and gender continued to survive two centuries later.     

Charismatic Healers on Iberian Soil: An Autopsy of a Mythical Complex of Early Modern Spain

The saludadores, charismatic healers specialised in the curing of hydrophobia, represent one of the most exceptional mythical complexes of the Iberian Peninsula. The myth emerged abruptly in the last decades of the fifteenth century. The evidence suggests that the complex of the Iberian saludador refers to an archaic substratum of Mediterranean beliefs, related to the immunity to poisonous animals attributed to certain ethnic groups or charismatic healers. In the western Mediterranean, at some later moment, the belief fused with the cult of the saints, thus acquiring its original traits. This combination with Christian mythology endowed the saludador healers with some characteristics typical of European folk possession-systems. Once the belief in the Iberian saludadores' complex was firmly in place at the beginning of the sixteenth century, many local cunning-men succumbed to the temptation of trying to incorporate the mythical subject of the saludador. By assuming some of the most spectacular features of the mythical subject, they sought to legitimise the various services they rendered to the rural communities.     

晚清中朝定期航线的开设背景及其影响

据1882年中朝之间签订的《中朝商民水陆贸易章程》第七条,中朝之间正式开设定期航线。此定期航线对中朝贸易产生了压倒性影响。具体而言,此航线不但使中国能够奠定在朝鲜渗透经济的基础,而且对华商在朝鲜市场扩大商权起决定性作用。与此相对,此航线在朝鲜商人中产生影响甚微。其结果,定期航线使两国贸易进入不平等贸易时期。     

清末民初广州的行会工会化

“工商合行”是广州传统行会组织结构的主要特色。然而,随着清末民初资本主义生产关系的发展,尤其“劳工神圣”西潮的浸润与激荡及革命政权扶助劳工政策的实施,使得“工商合行”的行会模式开始了以“工商分离”为主题特征的行会工会化的艰难蜕变。不过,这种由行会孕育出来的工会组织的肌体上不可避免地附着“工商合行”的深深烙印,这在一定程度上削弱并阻碍了国民革命时期中国共产党对广州工人的政治与阶级动员。从阶级斗争与“工商合行”两种理念交锋而导致行会工会化“曲折与艰辛”的事实中,可以窥视到传统行会近代转型“变”与“不变”的新旧交合的复杂面相。     

教廷财政的近代转型

学术界一般认为,天主教是一种保守而顽固的封建势力,阻碍了西方社会的近代转型。本通过对近代早期教廷财政制度的考察,认为从15世纪起,罗马教廷的经济生活方式发生了变化,从依赖其封建特权为生到运用现代金融手段度日。这一变化不仅改变了教廷传统的财政机制,也使教廷财政与近代金融市场融为一体,迫使教廷的经济生活纳入新的经济秩序与经济原则的运行中。教廷特权阶层已与商人、银行家等资产家族结成同盟。这证明近代早期的罗马教廷并不比当时欧洲的任何世俗政府更为保守,其制度变迁并不是反常的逆流。     

英国中世纪及近代早期的家产分配方案

在中世纪及近代早期的英国,家产继承主要依据普通法继承规则.在当时的生产关系下,这一规则主要是维护封建主阶层的整体利益,而较少顾及亲情.但人毕竟是有感情的,封建主在分配家产时常常综合考虑,以限嗣继承(Entail)、托管(Uses)、家产析分契约(Strict Settlement)等变通手段对普通法继承规则加以修正.这些变通手段反映了封建主在情感与理智之间摇摆不定的心态,地产继承制度也在这种摇摆中曲折发展.一部继承法变迁史表明,制度的变迁常常是人们心理冲突的外化形式.     

The Witch's Familiar and the Fairy in Early Modern England and Scotland

This paper is a preliminary study into the nature of popular belief in the witch's familiar in early modern England and Scotland. It illustrates some of the similarities to be found between beliefs in the witch's familiar and contemporary fairy beliefs and argues that the extent of these similarities suggests that in the period there must have been considerable confusion between the two kinds of spirit, particularly on a popular level. The paper then goes on to argue that fairy beliefs provided a matrix of thought which underpinned the whole construct of the witch's familiar in the popular mind, a construct which interacted with elite demonological theory in a coherent and dynamic way.