Living Customs of Sherpa People

Most Sherpa people believe in Tibetan Bud-dhism. There are twomonasteries in Lixingand Chengtang respec-tively with the name of Gongbasaba andLagang. Most people follow either theSaga or Geju Sect, although there are alsofollowers of the Gelug Sect and NyingmaSect. The disciples of the Sagya andGagyu sects can marry and form families.They do not live in the monastery butfarm monastery's lands, and go to themonastery to burn joss sticks, lay offer-ings and chant sutras. Even the peoplewh…     

Lzvzng Customs of Sherpa People

Most Sherpa people believe in Tibetan Buddhism. There are two monasteries in Lixing and Chengtang respectively with the name of Gongbasaba and Lagang. Most people follow either the Saga or Geju Sect, although there are also followers of Gelug Sect and Nyingma Sect. The disciples of the Sagya and Gagyu sects can marry and form families. They do not live in the monastery but farm monastery＇s lands, and go to the monastery to burn joss sticks, lay offerings and chant sutras. Even the people who are not followers of the Gelug Sect adore the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni.     

走进神秘的尼泊尔

<正>题记:窥探历史,探寻文化,尼泊尔散发出来的迷魂气息让我认定了这是一个可以承载想象力的旅游胜地。越来越多的人喜欢到尼泊尔旅游,因为游人能在这里近临喜马拉雅山却没有高原反应,来这里的游人除了登山和度假外,还有一类人——专程摄影人。我们从成都到拉萨,再到加德满都,一路沿着漫     

Singing the new Nepal

Nepal's adoption of a new national anthem in 2007 reflected a decision to establish a new social and political order that was republican, federal and inclusive of the country's many minority communities. It came after a ten‐year internal conflict, and was followed by the abolition of the Shah monarchy that had ruled the country since the late eighteenth century. This article describes the historical and political context of the decision to replace the old anthem, the selection of the new anthem, and the debates that arose in the Nepali media and public sphere after its lyrics and the identity of its author were made known. The discussion refers to arguments made by Karen Cerulo about the relationship between the syntactic structure of national anthems and the stage reached in the process of political modernisation of the nation‐state in question, and provides some comparative perspectives on the Nepali case.     

牛的文化控制及其动机

人类在对牛的驯化过程中发展出一套精致的化。新的考古证据表明,中国是继新月沃地之后全球最早驯化牛的地点。驯化的动机在获取肉食资源之外不可忽略宗教方面的原因。     

Seismic Damage to Structures in the 2015 Nepal Earthquake Sequences

The 7.8 Mw Gorkha earthquake struck the east of Lamjung in Nepal, followed by a sequence of powerful aftershocks. Chinese Team Six including the authors inspected the seismic damage to civil structures along 10 paths in densely populated areas with a seismic intensity of VII to IX, 40 days after the main shock. The damage was categorized according to structure types and described in detail. Several conclusions are made: powerful aftershocks can significantly affect the failure patterns; geological conditions, structure types, and height have great influence on the level of damage; and the local risky retrofitting technique needs improvement badly.     

Enamel Ultrastructure of Cattle from the Quaternary Period in India

Abstract

The present paper examines tooth enamel of three species of cattle, Bos acutifrons, Bos namadicus and Bos indicus, which are supposed to have been phylogenetically related and belong to the Quaternary period. It aims to show whether in a short geological time span of 2myrs, the changing environs that cattle were exposed to during the Early Holocene have caused any microstructural changes in their tooth enamel.

Mammalian teeth exhibit a very complex arrangement of prisms in the enamel. The prisms are bundles of hydroxyapatite crystallites, arrangement of which is genetically determined and subject to evolutionary change. Hypsodonty or high crowned molars are such examples where concomitant masticatory stress factors near the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) are known to have affected and altered the enamel microstructure in several large mammalian genera. Modified radial enamel in the deep enamel layer in some ungulates, including cattle, is an adaptive response to these stress factors which appeared much earlier (Tertiary) in the evolutionary history of these large mammals.

The cattle enamel analysed here revealed several levels of structural complexity indicating its functional designations. The schmelzmuster in cattle are formed of three enamel types: radial enamel (outer enamel), Hunter-Schreger Bands (mid enamel), and modified radial enamel (inner enamel). There is an increase through time in the percentage of Hunter-Schreger Bands (HSB), which cover up to about 68% of the entire enamel surface among recent cattle. The modified radial enamel and radial enamel do have a receding trend in the Holocene, compared to their Pleistocene ancestors.     

On the Causes of Perforations in Archaeological Domestic Cattle Skulls

We have undertaken a preliminary survey of the occurrence of cranial perforations which have been noted on the posterior portion of archaeological cattle skulls. The interest arose from the authors independent encounter with unusually high frequencies of this condition in assemblages from Bruges and Lincoln and the subsequent search for an explanation. A rapid literature survey and direct contact with other colleagues in the field showed that the phenomenon is widespread in European material and represented throughout a range of time periods and geographical locations. It is also clear that a variety of diverse but untested theories have been proposed by various workers in an attempt to explain the condition. A number of possible aetiological factors are discussed in an attempt to establish the most likely explanations. On the basis of this brief survey, which includes the evaluation of additional archaeological evidence from some of the assemblages, it would appear that parasites, tumours and infection can be ruled out as causal factors. Although not clearly established, it is suggested that a congenital or yoking pressure origin is more likely. If this is the case, then the presence of cranial perforations in domestic cattle may provide important information regarding the temporal and spatial spread of a specific congenital condition or yoking practice. Only a wider survey of both archaeological and modern comparative material (including other bovid species) will enable a full appraisal of the yoking versus congenital hypothesis.     

殷墟时期牛的相关问题探讨

殷墟牛的主体是黄牛,水牛尚未家养。从甲骨文献和考古发掘可知,殷墟时期,对牛的需求主要表现为农耕、拉车、肉食、祭祀、骨骼(包括牛肩胛骨占卜及下肢骨制作骨器等)甚至牛皮、牛筋、牛角等。如此众多的环节,使得牛在殷墟时期从饲养、使用、乃至宰杀后分配,在当时应该有相应的社会群体或组织机构专门从事这些事务。探讨殷墟时期牛的饲养、使用乃至牛在殷墟时期被赋于的神圣职能,对于了解殷墟时期的农牧业、手工业、上层阶级的精神生活等都会起到至关重要的作用。     

试析尼印《和平与友好条约》签订的历史背景

1950年尼泊尔与印度缔结的《和平与友好条约》有着复杂的历史背景。悠久的文化联系、开放的边界以及密切的经济和政治交往,是该条约签订的基础。从尼泊尔方面来看,在稳定国内政治局势以及发展经济方面求助于印度,是它签订该条约的现实考虑;对印度而言,该条约可用来对尼泊尔国内的政治改革施加必要的影响,进而在地区安全构想方面,让尼泊尔成为其南亚安全框架的一部分,并借此抵制中国在这一地区的影响,这是它此时对尼外交政策的指导思想。     

汉阳陵出土陶牛的葬仪内涵

西汉景帝阳陵自上世纪90年代开展考古工作以来,现已清理了陵园建筑基址、外藏坑、陪葬墓等诸多遗存,出土了极其丰富的各种遗物,其中陶猪、陶羊、陶狗、陶鸡、陶牛等陶塑动物为一大宗。相对而言,陶牛数量不是很多,但仔细分     

Cultures of Economies: Gender and socio-spatial change in Nepal

This article contributes to ongoing debates animating geography today about the boundaries between 'economy' and 'culture' and their implication for policy planning. It explores the mutual embeddedness of culture and economy through an ethnographic analysis of the interrelationships between spatial practices, economic strategies and gendered symbols of status in Nepal. The fine-grained ethnographic analysis presented here is intended specifically to challenge 'best practice' approaches accompanying the recent 'discoveries' within economic geography about the significance of culture in determining and promoting regional competitiveness and in presenting alternatives to capitalism. The article draws particularly on the practice theory of Pierre Bourdieu to reveal how local 'economics of practice' in Nepal establish and maintain gendered ideologies that structure material opportunities differentially for men and women. Feminist geography, meanwhile, contributes a spatial dimension to practice theories, important for understanding the relationship between individual consciousness, action, and social change. Throughout, the article reflects on the implications of processes of cultural production considered here for the epistemological frames within which development takes place.     

岭南地区家养黄牛起源问题初探

岭南地区家养黄牛起源问题的研究具有重要的学术意义。本文从动物考古学的角度出发,通过骨骼形态、测量数据、考古现象以及区域动物群的对比和分析,对岭南地区家养黄牛的起源时间、模式和动因等问题进行探讨,得出家养黄牛最迟于南越国时期从北方传入岭南地区。     

辉卫型文化与王亥"服牛"

本文认为从辉卫型先商文化存在的相对年代判断,该文化的创造者应与商族先公王亥有着密切的关系.王亥"服牛"所在,当以<楚辞·天问>所记为准,是在古代有扈部族生活的地区.有扈故地在今郑州以北的古黄河沿岸,这里正是辉卫型先商文化的分布区.