论陶渊明藉田园开创的诗歌新美典

本文强调陶渊明对中国诗歌的贡献在创造出足以辉耀整个传统的新美典。文章提出陶氏的社会理想接近"秦汉之际新儒家",故其对力田和个体生命的态度与孔孟扜格。而陶诗美感的源泉,则在与此生命态度相关的"委运"和"乘化"。本文第二、三节转入对陶诗田园世界和抒情自我的讨论,并以三端概括陶诗新美典:首先,"乘化"的生命态度令诗人自时间面去体悟四季、晨昏的循环,天人一体、身心一体地感知熟稔的土地。由此生出的不设色的田园世界,与诗坛逐渐声色大开的局面形成对照。其次,陶诗解构了屈原开创的抒情自我原型,首次将诗人自我形象白描在日常生活化背景之上。最后,陶诗以彻底的内在主义,为中国诗歌由嵇康开始的对超越境界的追求找到了归宿。     

New World States and Empires: Economic and Social Organization

We take a critical perspective in discussing recent publications on the archaeological study of the ancient state-level societies of Latin America. For some topics, such as intensive agriculture and exchange, data are far ahead of theory, whereas for others (e.g., gender and ethnicity), theory has outstripped data. Craft production, a topic that has achieved a good balance of data and theory, is one of the success stories of recent Latin American archaeology. After a discussion of sources of data, we review these and other topics (e.g., consumption patterns, household studies, social organization) in terms of both data and theory. In a second review article, we cover the topics of politics, religion, urbanism, and the processes of change.     

Old World Traditions, New World Landscapes: Ethnicity and Archaeology of Swiss-Appenzellers in the Colonial South Carolina Backcountry

German-speaking Swiss immigrants from the Appenzell region of Switzerland settled in the South Carolina frontier township of New Windsor in 1737. After initially establishing an insular physical and social relationship with the dominant Anglophone population, the Swiss adopted strategies that increasingly integrated them into the greater regional society. Theory of ethnicity informs archaeological, testamentary, and landholding data concerning the symbolic action of the Swiss to assert and then transform their cultural identity. Evidence of competition, ethnocentrism, and differential power reflects the dynamic process of ethnogenesis that characterizes the South Carolina frontier.     

Rationales in Old World Base Glass Compositions

It is long known that most Egyptian and Roman base glass compositions show a remarkably small scatter in their chemical composition. By plotting appropriately reduced base glass compositions in ternary phase diagrams it is demonstrated that the compositional fields defined by the compositional scatter are closely related to eutectic regions within the relevant phase diagrams. This is interpreted as to be due to an eutectic melting regime, i.e. partial melting in the presence of a crystalline buffer or residuum, and not primarily a result of strict recipe and raw material control. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that possibly two independent melting temperature indicators are correlated, suggesting a factual relationship between melting temperature and melt composition. This evidence is taken to develop a “partial batch melting model” for these early glasses, as opposed to the “total batch melting model” of Mediaeval and early modern glasses. Some archaeological implications of this model are briefly discussed.     

The case of the World Trade Organization

This article explores the relationship between power and rules within the context of international relations, utilizing as a case‐study what is arguably the most powerful international juridical institution in the world today, the World Trade Organization (WTO). The author draws upon a number of his previous works on the subject of the WTO and its predecessor, the GATT, wending through such topics as: the way that political and diplomatic leaders improvized and filled in the gaps of international institutions when the original idea for an International Trade Organization (ITO) failed; the remarkably elaborate development of the particularly deep and rich WTO Dispute Settlement (DS) jurisprudence (over 60,000 pages); and the constant tension between the role of nation‐state power and the power allocated to international institutions, apparently necessitated by the huge impact of ‘globalization’ and interdependency in world affairs (especially economic) today. Various specific issues and cases illustrate these tensions and allocations, including treaty interpretation techniques, the degree of deference towards the members’ government actions, the arguments about the appropriate role of the ‘adjudicators’, and the delicately sensitive approach of the DS system towards clashes of policy necessitating ‘balance’. Throughout, particular emphasis is laid upon the ‘rule oriented’ (‘more legalization’) approach of the WTO DS jurisprudence, both in reflection on the historical and current developments of that juridical system—from ‘power oriented’ to ‘rule oriented’—and also in the important roles regarding tensions between ‘sovereignty’ concepts and international rule needs.     

Russia's Accession to the World Trade Organization

A prominent specialist on the Russian economy presents a timely assessment of Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization. The author discusses the reasons that prompted Russia to seek membership and scrutinizes the major obstacles, such as complexities of the accession process and the country's institutional malaise. An analysis of the effects of possible membership on the Russian economy is followed by a focus on Putin's first term (2000-2003) when he supported entry, and the second (2004-2007) when he lost interest. Also presented are two scenarios projecting reinvigorated pursuit of Russian membership, or abandonment of the goal. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F13, F40, O19. 1 table, 46 references.     

The Gibbs Farmstead: Household Archaeology in an Internal Periphery

The Gibbs farmstead, a rural domestic site in Knox County, East Tennessee, was inhabited by four generations of the Nicholas Gibbs family between ca. 1792 and 1913. In the following essay, world systems theory is combined with primary historical sources and the archaeological record to explore how aspects of the emerging global system influenced daily material life and household-level economic strategies among the Gibbs family in Southern Appalachia, regarded as an internal periphery within the world system. Focusing upon domestic architecture and foodways, consideration of material life reveals the presence of a strong vernacular orientation among the Gibbs family that was also substantially influenced by larger trends within national-level consumerism and popular culture.     

在秦皇新天地开启品质生活

<正>优越的地理位置,优质的产品服务,先进的经营理念,创造了秦皇岛市的商业新地标——秦皇新天地。秦皇新天地北接秦皇大街,东临西环路,西靠森林体育公园,山倚水绕,风景旖旎,以现代主义的设计风格、国际水准的管理理念、丰富的水岸景观资源,全情演绎秦皇岛市唯一的公园情景式餐饮休闲体验街区。120米水幕电影,500米水岸实木栈道,近800平方米欧式婚礼广场,秦皇岛市最大旱喷音乐中心广场……诸多休闲景观的设计,在提高项目水准的同时,也不断刷新着秦皇岛市商业的高度。     

无人超市 点亮你的云生活

什么样的购物体验最舒服?想到这个问题时,我的第一反应是从自家冰箱里拿东西——没有频繁商品推荐的打扰,没有收银台前让人焦虑的长队,需要什么拿什么且扣费自动完成……这样的商店存在吗?秦皇新天地的无人超市就能给人带来这样的体验。     

A Geo-Historical Study of Site Formation at a Nineteenth-Century Farmstead in Lake County,Illinois

Agricultural journals were in wide circulation in the nineteenth century, and they were means of transmitting information about agrarian technologies and techniques to American Frontier-Phase farmers. This article explores the environmental and cultural context for the addition of a drainage feature to a nineteenth-century farmstead in Illinois (called the Bond Farm site), which preceded the site’s eventual abandonment when rainfall reached anomalously high levels. Geoarchaeological and paleoclimatologic datasets are presented as evidence of high rainfall, and the period of site settlement is constrained by both artifact and documentary sources. High maintenance costs associated with occupying the structure apparently exceeded the value of remaining, so the site was abandoned. As archaeologists grapple with how to determine causation in site occupation and abandonment, we advocate a multidisciplinary research design in historical archaeology that includes geoarchaeological analyses, which can be useful in building a microscale settlement reconstruction.