Measuring park visitation vulnerability to climate extremes in U.S. Rockies National Parks tourism

ABSTRACT

Changes in temperature and precipitation can affect tourist experiences. This study examines how summer park visitation has changed in response to temperature and precipitation extremes. The study goals were two-fold. The first is to introduce a framework and the second is to test it in a pilot region with four mountainous National Parks. The framework is designed to compare the vulnerability of seasonal park visitation to shifts in a combined indicator of temperature and precipitation. It uniquely considers needed measurements, and the data required to conduct an analysis. The second goal is to test it in four destinations in the U.S. Northern Rockies, including Glacier, Yellowstone, Grand Teton, and Rocky Mountain National Parks. The preliminary test reveals outlier cases of visitation under wet and dry extremes. The analysis connects time series climate and visitation data for the peak summer season from 1991–2012. Outlier analysis illustrates more change in extremely dry conditions, with four out of the six dry-year outliers resulting in a visitation decline. Whether this decline in park tourism is attributable to climate features, economic factors, or conscious management decisions, these drops have significant economic impacts: estimates of changes in visitor spending during dry years are between roughly 9 and 90 million USD. These differences may be connected to the popular activities in each park, and the extent they are dependent on weather conditions. This framework can be used to test the relationship between climate and tourism visitation in other regions, in various seasons and time frames. The work may inform the tourist sector in adjusting and planning for a range of conditions. We discuss opportunities and conclude with additional needs for understanding the mechanisms behind risk in mountain park tourism under climate extremes.     

Minorities,tourism and ethnic theme parks: employees' perspectives from Yunnan,China

Ethnic tourism has been promoted and widely adopted as a strategy for economic development and cultural preservation. Employing surveys, interviews, observations and secondary sources, this study explores tourism employees' perceptions of tourism, park and cultural representation using a case study at an ethnic theme park in Yunnan, China. The employees generally have favorable perceptions of tourism. Many expressed positive views of the site and indicated that the folk villages in the park are authentic and reflect essential elements of minority culture. However, some employees perceived negative aspects of tourism, including cultural commercialization, acculturation, misrepresentation, inappropriate visitor behavior, heavy workload and low pay. The park is operated by Han entrepreneurs, while the minority workers who are paid low wages are mainly involved in providing entertainment for tourists. Tourism developers and operators should consider the perceptions and attitudes of minorities when creating ethnic attractions if the development is to be successful in the long term.     

中英国家公园旅游可持续性比较研究——以中国九寨沟和英国新森林国家公园为例

中英两国国情迥异,但两国的国家公园均以自然保护、旅游与社区可持续发展为管理目标。本文以中国九寨沟和英国新森林国家公园为例,构建了由12个客观指标和12个主观指标组成的国家公园旅游可持续性评价指标体系,通过专家咨询和均方差法计算指标权值,用加权指标综合评价方法对案例地旅游可持续性进行了评价。评价结果表明,九寨沟旅游发展具有潜在的可持续性;而新森林国家公园则具有潜在的不可持续性。论文最后从两国国家公园管理体制和模式差异对评价结果进行了解释。     

Book reviews

Abstract

This paper explores not just a framework for the protection of cultural heritage relating to a certain place, but also its use as a tool for the enhancement and survival of an identity, based on tradition, common history, and respect for the surrounding environment and identities. The aim is to secure the communities' identities within a common economic framework based on the sustainable development of tourism.

After considering the social complexity of interpreting Spanish twentieth-century history (especially the Civil War and dictatorship), the paper considers the management and interpretation of a Civil War complex at Villargord o del Cabriel, in the Valencia region, which includes the concerns and desires for both resource conservation and economic development. It is proposed that this can be achieved by short-term strategies for community involvement, combined with long-term concerns for conservation of the architecture and the environment, educational and interpretive strategies for the park and surrounding landscape, monitoring, and review, and sustainable tourism in the area.     

Tourism as a vehicle for regional development in peripheral areas – myth or reality? A longitudinal case study of Swedish regions

In the contemporary so-called ‘competition state era’, many rural and peripheral regions are in decline. Tourism is increasingly viewed as being able to alleviate and rejuvenate regions that are facing economic difficulties. The European Union has launched several programmes with the goal of stimulating growth and employment in peripheral areas. These programmes are often used to support tourism development projects. In this paper, a longitudinal analysis of spatial changes in Swedish tourism is conducted. The analysis is based on statistics regarding overnight stays in Swedish commercial accommodation facilities. The aim is to investigate if tourism and tourism policy contribute to the reduction in disparities between regions. Although there are exceptions, the main findings indicate that the potential for creating sustainable rural tourism growth through tourism policy seems to be much less than the popular discourse suggests.     

Benevolent and Benign? Using Environmental Justice to Investigate Waste‐related Impacts of Ecotourism in Destination Communities

Abstract:  We contribute to the diversification of environmental justice (EJ) by using it to frame ecotourism-related solid waste management problems. Ecotourism is a service industry portrayed as benevolent (providing benefits), and benign (reducing negative impacts). We propose four characteristics shared by ecotourism-based communities in the Global South and communities struggling with more conventional EJ conflicts. We apply these characteristics to the solid waste crisis in Tortuguero, Costa Rica, a renowned ecotourism destination. First, we show that, despite their general absences from the EJ literature, service industries such as tourism and hospitality can create environmental injustices that disproportionately impact certain types of communities. Second, we highlight the roles of location and socio-economic marginality in siting ecotourism development, in complicating related environmental impact management, and in limiting local abilities to respond to environmental management shortcomings. Third, we provide an example of opportunities to introduce EJ concepts and theory into the study of tourism.     

旅游系统与旅游规划

本文应用系统论和地理学的方法,对旅游系统的组成、结构、功能、特点进行了详细论证,认为旅游系统指旅游活动系统,由客源地、目的地和旅游媒介三部分组成,满足游客的旅游需求是系统的唯一功能,具有整体性、层次性、复杂性、动态性、开放性和地域性六大特点。旅游规划的对象是旅游目的地系统,本质是通过开发最富地方特色、最具市场吸引力的旅游产品增大目的地系统的旅游吸引力,从而促进旅游系统的高效运转,为旅游业可持续发展提供稳定的客源市场和其它保障条件。     

社区参与和旅游业可持续发展

在旅游业迅猛发展的同时,旅游地问题日益突出,促使人们重视旅游与社区关系问题的研究,从社区的角度思考和寻求实现旅游业可持续发展的可行途径。目前,我国旅游学界对社区参与的研究方兴未艾,但仍然缺乏社区参与的历史演化进程的纵向分析和归纳研究。本文通过分析社区参与旅游发展的阶段性特征,将其划分为四个阶段:个别参与、组织参与、大众参与和全面参与,并描述了"近S形"的总体发展曲线;在此基础上,文章提出:为实现旅游业可持续发展,防止旅游地衰落和旅游地社区解体,社区应该全面参与到旅游业发展过程;当前,社区参与需要在旅游规划、旅游地环境保护、旅游地社区文化维护等三个方面得到加强。     

Visitors’ place-based evaluations of unacceptable tourism impacts in Oulanka National Park,Finland

Visitors’ assessments of the negative impact of tourism, on physical and social environment, vary based on the location where the evaluation occurs. Research that focuses on identifying visitors’ norms within outdoor recreation settings has not been able to link the geographical location with the corresponding evaluation of unacceptable levels of impact. This study combines a traditional on-site visitor survey with a Public Participation Geographic Information Systems survey to produce spatially explicit information on visitors’ acceptance of tourism impacts. Using a web-based participatory survey, visitors were asked to indicate specific locations where they felt the effects of tourism disturbed the quality of their experience in Oulanka National Park. These evaluations were analyzed at multiple scales – destination, specific zones, and sites – to promote more efficient park management. Based on visitor evaluations, we found a collection of hotspots in the park where tourism has already caused unacceptable impacts. Visitors noted that crowding and erosion disturbed their experiences, especially along highly visited trail sections, while littering was considered problematic near wilderness huts. However, participant satisfaction at these sites was not lower than elsewhere in the park. This indicates that the association between negative impacts of tourism and visitor satisfaction is not straightforward, but complex. This study encourages the collection of spatially accurate data on visitors’ assessments of the effects of tourism because it has the potential to more efficiently direct park management policies. In addition, spatial techniques provide a new means to monitor the impacts of tourism, acknowledging that visitors’ perceptions of acceptability of tourism impacts also vary within tourism destinations, such as parks.     

森林公园旅游环境承载力评估——以重庆黄水国家森林公园为例

森林公园旅游环境承载力评估是一个复杂的问题。一方面受到诸如景区自然环境特征和组成结构、景区经济环境背景和社会文化环境、旅游者的行为特征及人口学特征等诸多指标的影响,另一方面又必须考虑景区旅游淡旺季的季节性波动。面对如此广泛的影响因素,本文选取重庆黄水国家森林公园进行实证研究,运用动态改进层次分析法(ADIHP),从承载力指标构架、旅游地空间区划、旅游地季节性波动三个方面,对森林公园旅游环境承载力进行了研究,通过对重庆黄水国家森林公园旅游环境承载力的综合评估,为森林公园景区的优化设计、规划与开发提供了较为科学准确的理论依据和实际参考价值。     

Between universal spaces and unique places: heritage in Universal Studios Singapore

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a case of Singapore's latest theme park, the Universal Studios Singapore (USS). While theme parks are commonly perceived as money-making entities providing entertainment to the masses, the study argues that heritage is an equally important dimension of a commercial theme park's development, identity and profile. As a heritage-rich environment, the USS is a tourism landscape shaped simultaneously by the forces of corporate heritage and local cultural considerations. ‘Glocalization’ – the interaction of global and local forces – offers a conceptual insight into understanding how themed environments are created and marketed as tourism destinations welcoming to all and yet distinctive to its community and locality. Caution, however, is also sounded as to whether an international attraction can or should ever be ‘too local’ at the risk of diluting its global brand name and broad-based appeal.     

针对我国省际旅游业发展与经济增长间关系的空间计量方法应用

本研究利用空间计量模型研究中国省际旅游业发展与经济增长的关系。结果表明：1999～2007年各省级行政区的旅游发展对经济增长具有长期推动作用;各省级行政区的经济增长受到本区域旅游业发展水平、邻近区域的旅游业发展水平和经济增长的共同影响;并且入境旅游对经济增长的作用效果比国内旅游更为显著。因此,建议各省级行政区在旅游产业布局和功能分区的基础上加强区域间旅游合作和开拓国际国内旅游市场。     

旅游产业融合的动因、路径与主体探析——以深圳华强集团融合发展旅游主题公园为例

产业融合是世界产业经济发展的重要趋势。在全球产业融合的背景下,旅游业也呈现出强劲的融合发展态势。以深圳华强集团融合发展旅游主题公园为例,探讨旅游产业融合机理。在"技术、市场、企业、政府"等合力的"助推一牵引"互动中,旅游产业融合发生与发展。纵向渗透融合与横向重组融合是旅游产业融合主要演进方式,技术与资源是演进中的主要融合路径。旅游企业在主观上追求范围经济和持久竞争力,客观上完成融合,成为旅游产业融合的主体。     

Entry points for local tourism in developing countries: evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia

International tourism is an increasingly important source of income and employment for many developing countries with over 690 million annual international arrivals (World Tourism Organisation data). This paper considers the impact of tourism in the city of Yogyakarta, in Java, Indonesia, and asks whether one subsector of international tourism, namely backpacker tourism, provides a way for local people to enter this globalised industry. The paper examines the emergence of small‐scale, bottom‐ up tourism and its transformatory effect upon a previously poor kampung (urban village). It is suggested that the nature of small‐scale, locally owned tourism businesses, particularly their minimal capital requirements, may be seen as a form of ‘pro‐poor tourism’ and may provide a useful component of local economic development strategies for poor communities. Further, smallscale tourism development may also be seen as an effective local response to some of the effects of globalisation, specifically increasing flows of international tourists to developing countries.     

主题公园旅游者旅游动机及差异研究——以上海迪士尼和芜湖方特为例

近年来,我国主题公园在国内外资本的运作下迅速发展,但理论研究较滞后于实践,相关研究亟待进行。以上海迪士尼和芜湖方特作为案例地,依托问卷调查数据,采用探索性因子分析和验证性结构方程模型,对上海迪士尼和芜湖方特游客旅游动机及差异进行深入分析。研究发现：上海迪士尼和芜湖方特游客旅游动机包括求知、休闲放松、探新求异、亲情、社会交往和景区吸引力,其中求知动机对游客旅游动机影响最大;上海迪士尼游客旅游总动机与“探新求异”、“亲情”和“社会交往”动机的相关性显著高于芜湖方特;“丰富自己的经历”、“增加知识教育作用”、“购买迪士尼的纪念品/礼品”在一定程度上影响上海迪士尼游客旅游动机,对芜湖方特游客影响较小。     

中国旅游经济增长周期的测度与评价

旅游经济的稳定增长是影响区域旅游经济增长质量的关键因素,也是区域旅游经济发展质量和水平的重要标志。文章采用增长率法对中国旅游经济增长进行了测度,并对2014年至2016年中国的旅游经济的稳定性进行了预测。研究发现,中国旅游经济增长整体上呈现出典型的周期性,平均持续时间3-4年,属于典型的短周期,并且周期持续的时间趋短,说明中国旅游经济已经走过了大起大伏的阶段,旅游经济增长的稳定性日益增强,正在形成抵御外部风险和冲击的稳定机制。     

乌镇模式的迪士尼化特征与形成机制

乌镇模式作为中国古镇旅游开发的成功典范，其主题化发展的内涵值得挖掘和借鉴。本文借助迪士尼化理论框架，采用文献分析法解析乌镇模式与迪士尼化的内在联系，并通过地方视角揭示其背后的形成机制。结果发现：乌镇模式在主题化、混合消费、商品化、表演性劳动等方面具有明显的迪士尼化特征；产权统一是乌镇模式迪士尼化发展的重要前提与支撑；在遵循主题公园区位选址与市场运作逻辑的同时，在地文化与区域自然景观的有机结合，以及古镇形象与古镇主题的辩证统一关系是乌镇模式形成的关键。最后，本文指出了国内古镇社区普遍存在复杂的产权问题，影响乌镇模式大规模的推广。     

基于PRED协调的风景名胜区旅游设施建设初探——以风景名胜区索道建设为例

本文基于PRED协调的思想和资源可持续利用、环境可持续完善、经济可持续发展、社会可持续公平这4个可持续发展的判别原则,以索道建设为例,对风景名胜区旅游设施建设问题进行了分析和讨论。作者认为在PRED协调原则允许下,风景名胜区修建索道等旅游设施是可行的。本文希望能为我国景区建设中遇到的一些争议问题引入一个分析框架,从而对地方旅游发展有所裨益。     

极化理论视角下我国旅游发展差异实证研究

本文运用主成分分析法计算出我国省际旅游发展综合指数,通过Esteban-Ray极化指数原理设计出我国旅游发展极化指数,在此基础上分析了我国旅游发展极化现象。实证研究发现,我国旅游发展极化效应开始显现,旅游发展有向均衡方向演变的趋势,旅游发展极化与经济发展极化呈现出较强的正相关关系;比较我国三大区域旅游发展极化趋势,结果显示,东部地区旅游发展极化程度显著大于中西部地区。     

旅游发展会推动房价上涨吗？——基于中国分省数据的经验研究

本文基于2000年～2009年中国大陆30个省区（不包含西藏）的面板数据,综合采用混合回归（POLS）、固定效应（FE）、随机效应（RE）、系统广义矩估计法（sys—GMM）,对旅游发展与房价之间的关系进行了经验检验。研究结果表明：（1）旅游发展对房价有显著的正向影响,且该影响主要发生在当期,两者之间的跨期影响并不明显;（2）旅游发展与房价的正向关系并不依赖于地区经济发展水平,城市化在旅游发展对房价的影响中起着正向调节作用;（3）系统GMM对动态面板模型的估计结果显示,地区房价具有“自我收敛”功能,房价决定系统中存在一种“逆风向”的动态调整机制;（4）旅游发展对房价的影响呈现出区域差异,其对西部、东部、中部房价的影响强度依次递减。