三星堆文化与中原文化关系探微

三星堆文化指分布于成都平原的以广汉三星堆遗址第二至第四期遗存为代表的考古学文化。其文化研究是中国考古学和文化史研究的一个重要课题,三星堆文化的发掘极大地丰富了中原文明的起源说。三星堆文化的起源受到了中原文化的极大影响,采用了中原青铜器及陶器的部分形制,同时也受到中原文化礼仪的影响,因而是中国文明的重要组成部分。     

考古学文化定义的哲学与逻辑思考

近年来,随着考古学本身和与其相关学科的发展进步,一些考古学家对考古学文化的概念提出修正.谢仲礼在《东南文化》1990年1.2期发表了一篇题为《考古学文化新界说》(以下简称《新界说》) 的文章.提出传统的考古学文化概念只涉及物质文化,而忽视非物质文化.但“物质文化只能是考古学研究的起点”,这与考古学研究的目的不大相符.于是他认为:“考古学文化是指在考古发掘和研究中发现之属于同一时代、分布于同一地域内,属于某个人类群体的具有鲜明的时代和地方特征的古代文化遗存.它既包括物质文化,也包括反映在物质文化上的非物质文化.”然而,无论是传统观点将考古遗存与物质文化等同.还是《新界说》认为物质文化是考古学     

再论温江鱼凫村遗址第三期文化遗存的性质

结合近年来考古新发现,对以鱼凫村遗址第三期文化遗存为代表的、分布于成都平原的一支考古学遗存,进行辨析与研究,认为由于其独特的文化内涵和所处文明发展阶段,应该从宝墩文化中单列出来,并根据考古学文化命名的基本原则,建议将这类主要分布在成都平原地区、距今4000～3700年的考古学文化遗存命名为"童凫村文化".相信这一判断,...     

中原文化中的东方因素

20 0 1年 1 2月 8日 ,由哈佛燕京学社等单位主办的中国文化研讨会第十六届年会在哈佛大学举行。会议的主题是“考古学与中国文明的再发现———纪念张光直教授学术研讨会”。在“张光直教授的考古学贡献”专题演讲中 ,有六位学者发言 ,他们就中国考古学的发展、中国古代文明起源的研究和张光直教授对中国考古学做出的杰出贡献 ,作了深入浅出的阐发。此次以中文为工具的考古学讲座 ,吸引了大量听众 ,引起很大反响。为了能够让读者及时了解演讲的内容 ,征得作者同意 ,我们特编发这组文稿。同时也希望通过这组文稿 ,使学术界对张光直教授的考古学贡献有更深层次的了解 ,从而进一步推动中国考古学和中国文明的研究。     

21世纪的中国考古学

中国考古是世界上国别考古中时空最大、体量最宏、内容最为丰富的考古学体系,本世纪中国考古最大的成就就是考古学文化时空体系的建立与完善,以及对传统的中国历史体系的修正和补充。２１世纪,中国考古学不但应当在揭示华夏传统的形成以及人类、农牧和文明国家三大起源问题上有所贡献,更应依赖自身的优势,对考古学以及整个人文科学的理论建设做出贡献。     

考古学文化传统的嬗变

《江汉考古》1995年第1期问鼎等同志首次提出了从考古学物质文化的嬗变折射出的历史现象──考古学文化传统。文化传统实际上是一个包罗万象的命题,在人类历史过程中,这种命题包含着历史的过去、现在和未来。探讨这种总体而又抽象的概念,牵涉到许多精神领域和物质文化。无论是以人类文明为代表的横向的具体内涵,还是以时间为标尺的纵向发展,其潜在的能量难以估料。人类的政治、宗教信仰、民族的心理、习惯与传统、民风与世俗、审美爱好以及战争事件等等都影响与制约着文化传统的发展与演变。考古学文化的传统的命题,只适合于横向的现…     

中国三代时期的文化大传统与小传统——以神人像类文物所反映的长江流域早期宗教信仰传统为例

正一、大传统与小传统理论及其对考古学文化研究的启示"大传统和小传统"的概念是由美国人类学家罗伯特·芮德菲尔德在1956年出版的《农民社会与文化——人类学对文明的一种诠释》一书中提出的~([1])。大传统指代表着国家与权力、由城镇的知识阶级所掌控的书写文化传统,小传统则指代表乡村的、由乡     

共享人类文明成果 感受中华文化魅力 拓展文化创新资源 “《大众考古》进万校 文化遗产传天下”公益活动诚邀合作伙伴

<正>《大众考古》是中国第一份面向社会大众尤其是大中专院校青年学生的以考古、文物兼及文化遗产、博物馆、文物收藏、文化历史等内容为主题的科普和文化类月刊。该刊由江苏人民出版社主办、南京大学文化与自然遗产研究所主持编辑,其秉持的宗旨是让发掘、发现、研究、阐扬传统文化和艺术的科学—考古学以及文物学、文化遗产学、古建筑学、古人类学、博物馆等知识,走出“象牙塔”,和大众一起更好地了解和认知有关人类文化及文明,特别是中华文化及文明的创造与发展历程、人类认识自我文化及文明的科学方法和探索路径、人类对既有文化及文明成就研究的意义和科学精神的价值等,以唤起社会对中华优秀传统文化及对人类传统文明的理解、尊重、保护、传承、     

共享人类文明成果 感受中华文化魅力 拓展文化创新资源 “《大众考古》进万校 文化遗产传天下”公益活动诚邀合作伙伴

<正>《大众考古》是中国第一份面向社会大众尤其是大中专院校青年学生的以考古、文物兼及文化遗产、博物馆、文物收藏、文化历史等内容为主题的科普和文化类月刊。该刊由江苏人民出版社主办、南京大学文化与自然遗产研究所主持编辑,其秉持的宗旨是让发掘、发现、研究、阐扬传统文化和艺术的科学—考古学以及文物学、文化遗产学、古建筑学、古人类学、博物馆等知识,走出“象牙塔”,和大众一起更好地了解和认知有关人类文化及文明,特别是中华文化及文明的创造与发展历程、人类认识自我文化及文明的科学方法和探索路径、人类对既有文化及文明成就研究的意义和科学精神的价值等,以唤起社会对中华优秀传统文化及对人类传统文明的理解、尊重、保护、传承、     

共享人类文明成果 感受中华文化魅力 拓展文化创新资源 “《大众考古》进万校 文化遗产传天下”公益活动诚邀合作伙伴

<正>《大众考古》是中国第一份面向社会大众尤其是大中专院校青年学生的以考古、文物兼及文化遗产、博物馆、文物收藏、文化历史等内容为主题的科普和文化类月刊。该刊由江苏人民出版社主办、南京大学文化与自然遗产研究所主持编辑,其秉持的宗旨是让发掘、发现、研究、阐扬传统文化和艺术的科学——考古学以及文物学、文化遗产学、古建筑学、古人类学、博物馆等知识,走出“象牙塔”,和大众一起更好地了解和认知有关人类文化及文明,特别是中华文化及文明的创造与发展历程、人类认识自我文化及文明的科学方法和探索路径、人类对既有文化及文明成就研究的意义和科学精神的价值等,以唤起社会对中华优秀传统文化及对人类传统文明的理解、尊重、保护、传承、     

National Identity in the British Volunteer Sermons, 1794–1802*

From 1794, when the British volunteer movement began in earnest, to 1802, when the French Revolutionary Wars came to an end, the established clergy preached numerous sermons to volunteer military units throughout England and in parts of Scotland. These sermons sought to articulate a sense of Britishness in such a way as to command more or less universal assent, meaning assent both to the ongoing war effort and to the national enterprise more broadly considered. Volunteers across the country were taught to see Great Britain as a nation chosen by God to stand alone against the onslaught of French principles, and they were encouraged to derive a sense of purpose and meaning from their local contributions to the national struggle. The volunteer sermons bridged the gap between local attachments and national commitments, and in so doing they played a significant role in the formation of a national consciousness.     

Environmental Education in Russian Universities

This paper presents the results of a simulation exercise designed to explore and understand the implications of trying to survive in a marginal and poverty-stricken African community. The aim of the simulation was to create an approximation of a community involved in an income-generating project, akin to a Public Works Programme. This project sought to enable every person to earn a dollar a day on which to live. In addition, the exercise helped the participants to question and assess whether the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have a chance of reaching their proposed targets. The nearly one hundred participants were undergraduate geography students, reading Development Studies and Demography at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa. The outcome of the simulation was that the students developed a clearer understanding of poverty, particularly the ‘Deprivation Trap’, and how complex the development process is in practice.     

Operationalising memory and identity politics to influence public opinion of refugees: A snapshot from Poland

Using a politics of identity and memory approach, herein, we explore how political discourse plays out in practice and ‘in place’ when Poles were compelled to consider the introduction of visibly different persons, with different cultural characteristics, to their society. In 2017, and at the height of the "migrant/refugee crisis", we conducted 200 short interviews in Wrocław, Poland, to gauge and interpolate attitudes and opinions to refugees, in a context where the refugees had been strategically Othered, and constructed as a threat to Polish society. Our discussion focuses on how the strategic use and dissemination of threat and fear, in public discourse, was operationalised to disrupt steadfast notions of belonging to the Polish nation. By exploring belonging to the nation through a politics of identity and memory framework, we can better understand and provide contextual nuance to the import of maintaining ‘a [Polish] cultural sense of belonging’ (Brockmeier, 2002, p. 18). While in a Polish context, place-based and culturally historical narratives of conflict, territorial incursion, and occupation have framed threats to belonging in the past, the contemporary political exploitation of threat and its (re)production in public discourse is not only strongly exclusionary, but also denies the opportunity for Poles to know diversity as a felt experience reinforcing ideas of a ‘closed’ Poland. The contribution of this paper, then, is to demonstrate both the effectiveness of control of public discourse in a specific place and time, but to also elucidate the less often heard Eastern European states responses to the refugee crises.     

Portraits in the Background of “Nothingness” Sheikh Jabber Burnt House, an Object of Persian Gulf War

War is a common heritage of Middle East, the experience of war was changed to a dramatic propaganda in Iran while the southern neighbor of Iran experienced it in another way: oblivion. In such a context, both states attempt to change the facts of the war, one to a process of sanctification and one to the portraits of nothingness. We, as archaeologists, were accidentally encountered with a heritage of Persian Gulf War during a contemporary archaeology project. Our curiosity made us to take a look at Jabber house, a forgotten building, a domestic architecture destroyed by a racket during the war. What was recorded in our frames was actually an artistic work, out of its original context. Our subjectivity as archaeologists made us to think about the other objects fossilized in museums, they are out of their painful context and structure, they are only beautiful, the portraits in the background of nothingness, in a burnt gallery. Persian Gulf War is treated in Kuwait as a negative heritage, what is discussed in this article as the main theme??a negative heritage lost its original context and meaning: Sheikh Jabber house.     

A diasporic right to the city: the production of a Moroccan diaspora space in Granada,Spain

In this paper, I bring together ideas of ‘diaspora space’ and ‘the right to the city’ and empirically demonstrate how the formation of diasporas is frequently dependent on migrants attaining certain rights to the city. These rights, I argue, are conditioned and attained by the interplay of urban structural context with the place-making strategies of migrants. Drawing on 8 months of ethnographic fieldwork, I demonstrate that Moroccan migrants in Granada, Spain, have achieved a partial right to a neighbourhood of the city, producing a multi-sensory, self-orientalised diaspora space. First, I show that certain urban conditions in Granada provided a foothold for Moroccan migrants to begin to form a diaspora and transform urban space. Second, I demonstrate that through the mobilisation of a strategically self-orientalised cultural capital, the diaspora have partly appropriated the valuable history of Al-Andalus, a key component in the city’s tourist imagery. These factors and strategies have enabled Moroccan migrants to gain a right to have a visible presence in the city, a right to produce and transform urban space and a right to spatalise diverse identities – all key rights, I argue, in the formation of a diaspora.     

“Transcending Without Transcendence”: Utopianism and an Ethos of Hope

Human geography has recently witnessed an emergent interest in the intertwined problematics of how to be utopian and how to remain hopeful or optimistic. This paper aims to introduce a type of immanent utopianism that follows from a dynamic, open, conception of utopia. It revolves around thinking through how an ethos of hope functions in relation to the multiple problems and tasks of utopia/utopianism. The paper describes how Ernst Bloch re‐defined the utopian as a type of process and then outlines a style of immanent utopianism based on an explicit ethos of hope. The result is a sensitivity to matter as utopological, as containing an immanent reference to a not‐yet beyond, that obliges us to practice a utopianism that intervenes in the emergence, and change, of something better in a world that takes place “in hazard”. In conclusion the paper argues for a utopic geography based on being, and becoming, hopeful that is itself a response to an ethical imperative to give and find hope in the context of the tragedy and injustice of suffering.     

Account of a Roman Sepulchre at Geldestone,Norfolk

Rescue excavation between 1988 and 1990 in advance of river erosion examined a substantial part of the small medieval rural hospital of St Giles by Brompton Bridge and later post-medieval farm. Established in the latter half of the twelfth century for the infirm, including lepers, the hospital layout consisted of a detached stone chapel adjacent to the river crossing, with a timber hall to the west. This hall was destroyed by fire, and a sequence of timber buildings were then constructed in adjacent areas. By the fifteenth century these structures also included a stone building, possibly a refectory. The first small chapel was replaced in the thirteenth century by a larger structure, which went through a period of expansion and then subsequent contraction by the fifteenth century. Only in the fourteenth century were a hall, probably a guesthouse or the master's lodgings, and dovecote built adjacent to the chapel. The cemetery to the south of the chapel was partially examined. The site appears to have been a largely economically self-sufficient unit with an attached farm. The hospital was abandoned during the latter half of the fifteenth century, but the site and some of the buildings were subsequently reoccupied as a farm from the mid-seventeenth century. The farmhouse underwent conversion from a longhouse to a house of hearth-passage plan in the early eighteenth century. The former chapel was reused as a byre and additional stables constructed. The farm was moved to its present location to the south in the mid-eighteenth century and the former hospital site finally abandoned.     

‘Together apart’ or ‘apart together’? – middle-class parents’ choice of playgrounds and playground interactions in socially diverse neighbourhoods

Taking an everyday life setting, namely playgrounds, as a starting point, the paper foregrounds a nuanced analysis of the internal differentiations of the middle class’s positioning in regard to social diversity. In so doing, the paper contributes to debates on contemporary segregation research, (dis-)affiliation of the middle classes in inner-city diverse neighbourhoods and geographies of encounter. Empirical findings are based on an analysis of the narratives and daily spatial routines of middle-class parents in three inner-city neighbourhoods in a major German town. The findings contradict the conventional wisdom that middle-class parents would always seek a socially homogeneous environment in which to raise their children and show the presence of a middle-class fraction with a collective orientation. The analysis highlights the need for a closer look at playgrounds as a setting for cross-social interaction and, in terms of micro-level politics, a setting to promote diverse and inclusive neighbourhoods.     

A coalbed methane ‘stratum’ for a low-carbon future: A critical inquiry from the Lorraine Basin (France)

Coalbed methane exploration in Lorraine (France) is part of a rush to unconventional natural gas around the world. These resources are envisioned as a “transitional bridge” to a low-carbon economy dominated by renewable generation. This paper tackles the idea that such a “fuel bridge” could lead to a more sustainable transition. It studies the network of actors and interests involved in exploring a coalbed methane ‘volume’, its modelling and how it becomes public. Through this lens, it shows how a ‘volume’ endures in a ‘stratum’, as well as the political issues related to this reconfiguring of the underground in Lorraine.The article contributes to three debates in relation with political geology. First, it proposes a renewed definition of ‘volume’ based on the work of Michel Serres. The ‘volume’ is not a property of the underground nor a geometric ideality but defined as a transitory ordering of the ‘multitude’ that encompasses material, knowledge and political issues. It enables the development of a more continuous analytical strategy to follow geological and political crossed influences, and contributes to this project by going beyond existing divides (e.g. vitalist/constructivist). Second, the paper provides the reader with a complementary perspective (from the field instead of a compilation of data at an international level) about what it means to assess an unconventional resource. The proposed definition of ‘volume’ does not reduce uncertainty to a matter of knowing but makes it constitutive of the making of a gas potential. This enables one to follow the chain of mediations through which uncertainty is framed and strategically managed to meet industrial, scientific and political interests, while taming local oppositions. Third, the paper analyses why this coalbed methane ‘stratum’ may be democratically contested and transitory instead of preparing the ground for a low-carbon transition. This case study looks at a unique situation in France, namely a private company receiving public support in the context of political tensions about unconventional gas, and shows the country's internal contradictions and delays in updating its institutions and strategy concerning the use of underground resources for a low-carbon transition.     

What Was Parliamentary Reporting? A Study of Aims and Results in the London Daily Newspapers, 1780–96*

The nature of these newspaper reports – that is, the character of their principal content – has never been studied, despite its obvious importance and, as we shall see, its marked differences from our Hansard. This article relates their nature to a vital feature of parliamentary leadership, the ability to lead the argument in debate. The practical reasoning in parliamentary deliberation and justification, especially what speakers contributed towards the outcome or ‘the sense of the debate’, predominated in these reports. This implied a need for reporters to concentrate on the ‘substance’ of speeches and their bearing on the motion. One result was that speeches which were judged to define or develop arguments pro and con were treated at length, the defining speeches most extensively and others in proportion to what they added. Conversely, speeches which reiterated known positions or which were irrelevant to the arguments in hand were omitted or downplayed, even if they were important in some other way, while whole debates which added little to ongoing discussion could be treated quite briefly. But if being a front bencher did not guarantee coverage, being a back bencher was no bar: the criterion was the importance of a speaker's contribution, while the manner of coverage accented what was contributed. The reporters’ concerns emphasized debates that promised significant change in matters of national importance, but gave relatively little attention to recurrent or localised business as such. Their writing – they were known as debate writers or news-writers – was interpretation answering to evaluative and selective criteria rather than a record in a simple sense. Their work is not to be understood in the same terms as a modern Hansard, and in particular not as a defective Hansard, but rather is such that it requires further work on a wide range of new research questions if it is to be understood to best effect, a requirement which suggests a need to study it critically before using it as source material.