Current Literature Bibliography

The author describes a static city model consisting of six matrices: the city's industrial output, its distribution among city industries, population and out-shipments, and the inflow of goods to the city, with a breakdown by industrial consumers and the population. The model, as applied to three urban places of the Dnieper economic region, in used to determine a city's interindustry and interregional relationships and its rank in the hierarchy of urban places.     

A Hierarchy of Geographies: A Skinnerian Model of Indochina’s Overseas Chinese Congrégations and Their Influence on French Colonialism

In Indochina, overseas Chinese were organized by dialect group into associations called congregations, which shared many of the functions of huiguan in China. The spread of overseas Chinese economic and social networks followed a Skinnerian model in which large urban con?régations wielded more political and economic authority than did smaller, rural con?régations. By examining the impacts of French colonialism upon overseas Chinese networks within Indochina and upon overseas connections with their Chinese native places, this paper proposes that the Skinnerian model of local-system hierarchy fits quite comfortably when applied to the world of French colonial Indochina and its overseas Chinese. Furthermore, it argues that French colonialism actually reinforced the Skinnerian hierarchy of politics and markets in ways that endured long after the collapse of Imperial China.     

Zones of Influence of Middle-Size Cities,Their Boundaries and Passenger Flows

A modified gravity model is used to describe the flows of commuters between a central city and concentric zones around it. A multiplier-type model of a central-place system (after Christaller) is then used to calculate the number of residents for service centers at each level of the hierarchy within the system. The rank-size rule (Zipf's formula) is also considered as a criterion of a true system of urban places. Results are presented for the urban network of the Ukraine.     

城市增智型游憩场所空间结构研究

随着休闲社会的发展,城市居民的生活逐步进入追求生活质量的阶段,其日常生活方式和内容也越来越休闲-娱乐化。城市增智型游憩场所作为城市居民日常生活休闲娱乐行为的主要场所,它的产生和发展,不仅使人们的休闲、娱乐需求向更高层次迈进,而且也成为衡量城市社会-生活空间质量的重要方面。因此,对休闲-娱乐场所特别是城市增智型游憩场所的空间研究便成为(微)区位研究的核心内容之一。本文从城市社会学、城市地理学等多学科的研究方法角度,概括国内外学者对城市增智型游憩场所的研究现状、研究内容以及其在城市中的空间分布区位的规律性进行了尝试性的探讨。     

INCOMES,TRADE, AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS WITHIN AN URBAN SYSTEM*

ABSTRACT Attention is initially focused on the principal characteristics of a hierarchical urban system. The structure of trade flows among the various levels of the hierarchy is outlined, and consideration is then given to nontrade flows, these comprising government transfers and capital movements, as well as the associated property-payment flows. An equilibrium model is presented which is concerned with income at each level of the hierarchy. The balance-of-payments implications of the model are explored, and there is a discussion of the manner in which a trade imbalance at a particular level can be sustained in equilibrium.     

绿洲城镇体系研究——以甘肃省河西走廊为例

绿洲城镇及其城镇体系有独特的发展规律。本文以具有国内代表性的干旱区河西地区绿洲城镇体系为例,从城镇的规模等级结构体系、职能类型结构体系、地域空间结构体系以及联系城镇的网络结构体系对绿洲城镇体系进行较为深入的研究,得出绿洲城镇体系的一般特征和发展规律。     

A tale of two towns: Buntingford and Standon in the later middle ages

The controversy over the fortunes of English towns in the later middle ages has tended to generate more heat than light. Much of the evidence employed in this debate has been drawn from the larger English towns, but this essay suggests a widening of the research agenda to include a more systematic assessment of small towns and village markets. Although weakened by the reduced demand for grain after the Black Death, these places competed for the growing local trade in basic consumer goods. Evidence from northeast Hertfordshire reveals that this competition resulted in a significant restructuring of the hierarchy of local marketing centres, and a decline in the ability of seigneurial and urban authorities to regulate trading activity.     

滇黔桂省际边界区域城镇经济联系的网络结构特征与演化分析

以滇黔桂省际边界区域28个城镇为例,构建城镇中心性评价指标体系,利用改进的熵值法测度各城镇的中心性得分,评价滇黔桂省际边界区域经济空间结构演变,利用修正的引力模型测度了1995年、2004年、2014年3个年份各城镇之间经济联系强度;借助GIS技术手段分析了城镇经济联系强度的空间格局,评价城镇等级体系演化特征;最后利用社会网络分析方法考察了城镇经济空间联系和网络关系的演化规律,得出如下结论：滇黔桂省际边界区域中心城市逐渐形成,经济重心由南向北转移,由右江区单中心逐步发展到兴义市、右江区、文山市三中心,再到兴义市发展成为强中心,平果县与靖西市具备发展为滇黔桂次中心城镇的潜力;城镇间的经济联系总体较弱,区域整体网络密度低,但呈现出不断增强的趋势,低等级城镇对高等级城镇的引力与高等级城镇对低等级城市的引力不同,形成两种不同的城镇网络体系,经济联系紧密地区主要集中在中心城市之间及中心城市与经济强县之间;三角结构的外围经济联系密度明显较低,对于大多数城镇来说,尚不具备经济辐射能力,辐射效应极弱。     

Towards an Archaeology of Early Islamic Ports on the Western Red Sea Coast

Against a background of developing research on Red Sea ports, a hypothetical model of the morphology of port towns during the early Islamic period is presented here. These places went through constant cycles of change as economic and political frameworks fluctuated. While their physical shape and form was strongly influenced by architectural features of the Islamic world their functionality was more aligned to commercial interaction. These were dynamic spaces where the daily life of their inhabitants was guided by trade, religion, weather and politics. The ports were intrinsically tied to the trade networks that connected Africa with Arabia and the broader Indian Ocean world.     

Systems Of Urban Places

A method of “structural chains” is proposed for the analysis of regional urban systems. Each chain is made up of a sequence of numerical elements representing the average population of places at various levels of urban development, from small mining or forestry settlements to large polyfunctional cities of regional or national rank. The absence of a particular category in a region is marked in the chain by a zero. The structural chains of local urban systems can be grouped into tables reflecting the structure of a regional urban system and its local variations. The key characteristics of urban systems reflected by these chains are: the number of elements or levels of development; the number of zeros and their position in the chain, reflecting the degree of development of the urban hierarchy; and the height of the regional tables (number of horizontal rows), representing the number of local urban structures. The method is tested and illustrated by the urban systems of the Dnieper-Donets and Black Sea regions of the Ukraine, the Upper Volga region, and the urban system of the Tatar ASSR.     

转型背景下原单位职工迁居行为特征与机制——以广州市海珠区江南中街为例

本文研究原居住在江南中街单位职工的迁居行为,浅析其形成迁居意向的过程和择居特征。结果表明:单位职工的迁居比例超过60％,且迁居空间模式以近距离的近域迁移为主,近岗迁移和郊区迁移为辅,迁居方向联系较弱。分析其原因:经济改革和城市经济发展是促成单位职工迁居的基本前提,迁居户的经济能力是根本的决定依据,决定了迁出地和迁居形式。本文调查对象-单位职工具有一定的职业及收入共性,因此他们在迁居时所考虑的因素还包括了居住惯性,家庭生命周期、生活方式改变的需求及作为单位职工特定的社会因素等。     

GRAPH MODELING OF THE EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURES OF TERRITORIAL-PRODUCTION COMPLEXES IN NEW PIONEERING AREAS

A graph model technique is used to analyze the pattern of urban places in the Bratsk–Ust'-Ilimsk complex on the middle Angara River in Siberia. The places, serving as vertices, are connected into tree-like structures on the basis of a data matrix that uses the founding dates of the places and the distances between them. The resulting pattern of location reveals a linear-nodal structure that is typical of areas in early stages of economic development, such as the Middle Angara district, with its large hydroelectric stations and energy-intensive industries like aluminum and woodpulp. The graph technique is suitable for analyzing patterns of location at various stages of development and to predict the future evolution of the structure of urban places.     

1949年以来中国城市居住区空间演变与机制研究--以河谷盆地型城市兰州为例

河谷盆地型城市是一类地貌条件特殊的城市,本文就以兰州为例,讨论中国城市,包括河谷盆地型城市居住区的分异、空间演变与机制,并对未来中国城市居住区分化的趋势和方向进行了预测。     

西方地理学界关于生产性服务业作用研究述评

生产性服务业是目前西方大部分服务业体系中对国民经济作用最显著的部分,20世纪70年代以来,西方学者关于生产性服务业作用的研究日益增加。总括而言,西方地理学者对生产性服务业作用的研究主要从四个方面进行:生产性服务业对城市与区域整体发展的作用、对地区的制造业发展的作用、对地区其他服务业发展的作用,以及对城市等级序列重构的作用。其中,主要是从产业的内在功能和布局两个角度研究生产性服务业的作用。     

社会阶层化与城市社会空间的发展及其与城市娱乐业的(空间)关系

基于学术界共识的后工业化大城市社会空间中产阶层化的理念,本文首次提出社会阶层化的概念并指出社会阶层化主要研究在社会阶层的生活行为扩散和变化规律下,所构建的城市日常居住社区体系和日常生活行为场所体系的时空模式,以此探讨城市社会空间结构的变化。研究认为不同城市发展阶段其对应有不同主导阶层的社会阶层化空间结构。进一步从解构城市社会空间结构的演化动态角度,研究不同社会发展阶段下,社会阶层化与城市娱乐产业的对偶空间结构关系。     

辽宁省城市中心性研究与城市发展

以辽宁省地级及以上城市为研究对象,在建立评价指标体系基础上,基于区位商法和主成分分析法,对城市中心性进行了测度和研究。通过对过程数据和结果数据的进一步分析,发现辽宁省当前城市发展在区域经济空间结构、社会经济体制、第三产业、经济外向度等方面存在的问题,并提出了相关的政策建议。     

Why Land Here? Ports and Harbors in Southeast Tanzania in the Early Second Millennium AD

The east African Swahili ports developed extensive maritime trading links around the Indian Ocean, and supported economic, political, and urban growth in the early second millennium AD. This article identifies ports of varying function and importance in SE Tanzania, and seeks to understand their development in the context of natural harbor advantage, boat technology, sailing practice, and resource needs. Field data from landing places are combined with weather patterns, historical documents, and oral traditions to provide an integrated survey of the ports and harbors that once sustained medieval commerce along this section of the Swahili coast. The emergence of Kilwa as an entrepôt to become the key center is based initially upon its naturally advantageous harbor facilities, safety and flexibility of approach in days of sail, and assurance of monsoon winds. Original natural advantages gradually become self-sustaining with its economic and political growth. To the north and south of Kilwa a series of ports of call with drinking water and boat servicing supported trade to and from the pre-eminent city, although some such as Kisimani Mafia and Kwale-Kisuju developed important trade functions of their own.     

City and region in the credit market of late colonial Guadalajara,Mexico

Regional studies of colonial Mexico have focused on economic, sociological and political themes that largely neglect developing relationships between urban centers and their regions. Understanding these relationships is necessary for a clearer determination of the beginning of dependency and underdevelopment. Data for this study come from loan and mortgage documents contained in the Libros de Hipotecas for Guadalajara, Mexico from 1721 through 1820. The records show that most of the credit necessary for rural economies to function came from creditors in the capital city of Guadalajara. Credit flows through the countryside corresponded to the distributional patterns of population, economic activities, and social networks. Districts with larger populations consumed greater amounts of credit in part because of the presence of many potential borrowers. Those areas involved primarily in trade and agriculture also needed much urban credit, particularly at critical stages in their economic development. Districts in which the region's wealthiest families resided also received more credit through the system of personal and business contacts which channelled the distribution of credit. The net flow of credit from city to region, however, does not necessarily indicate unilateral dependence of rural districts on the capital city. An analysis of the relative benefits to creditor and debtor indicates that the relationship between city and region was characterized by mutual dependence rather than urban exploitation of rural districts.     

The Conception of a Unified System of Settlement and the Planned Regulation of city Growth in the USSR

A unified system of settlement, defined as an interrelated network of places that is regulated for the benefit of society, is viewed as the most effective approach to overcoming socio-economic differences between town and countryside. Such a settlement system is viewed as ultimately replacing the present settlement patterns ranging from large urban agglomerations at one extreme to small rural places without adequate services at the other extreme. The unified settlement system is expected to insure roughly equivalent living and working conditions for all people within such a system. Some of the recent changes in Soviet settlement patterns are viewed as steps in that direction: an expansion of the network of large cities in connection with the economic development of new regions; the policy of industrializing small towns bypassed by the previous development of industry; the growing practice of establishing research organizations and branch plants in small towns to foster their development; the mechanization and industrialization of animal husbandry; the improvement of rural bus lines, providing access to service centers.     

Urban Restructuring of Istanbul

After 1980s, the major cities of Turkey have experienced urban transformation process following the changes in the international trade policy and the impact of globalization. Istanbul took the highest amount of share from these transformation processes as being the most important economic, cultural and tourism centre and the most integrated centre to the world economy of the country. This paper describes Istanbul's historical development, investigates demographic profile and spatial distribution of employment and illustrates multi-centre development of the city. Decentralization of population and jobs illustrate the multi-centre development. Multi-centre development contributes to sustainable urban development which provides efficient energy use and prevents pollution. Istanbul having a long history, large population and being in a very strategic location between Asia and Europe greatly effected from globalization which is reflected in its transformation of urban structure and increased land values and thus offered great opportunities for the real estate investors. The role of Istanbul within the world hierarchy of cities is suggested for further research.