从传统乡村聚落到现代滨海旅游度假区——过去20年大连金石滩旅游度假区土地利用动态演变

旅游城镇化是中国新型城镇化进程中的重要类型之一。本文以大连金石滩为案例区,从土地利用变化视角,综合采用参与式乡村评估(PRA),GIS和遥感影像分析等方法分析了过去20年金石滩旅游度假区从传统乡村聚落转变为现代旅游度假区的城镇化过程。研究发现,过去20年,金石滩地区经历了从传统乡村聚落到现代滨海旅游度假区的转变。在此期间,农业用地和乡村聚落用地基本消亡,旅游设施用地和第二居所用地等商业设施用地呈现由海滩到内陆波浪式推进和立体集约性扩展。这种转换过程是以旅游持续增长为基本动力,以土地资本化进程为根本原因,以利益主导者转变为主要推手,在各种正式和非正式制度调节下共同作用的结果。     

我国旅游生态足迹研究进展及评价

旅游生态足迹作为衡量旅游业可持续发展状态的工具,是近几年学者纷纷研究的对象。本文回顾我国旅游生态足迹理论和计算模型的发展,并指出我国旅游生态足迹在研究当中的优缺点。     

城市土地利用与交通相互关系研究进展

城市土地利用与交通系统(Urban Land-Use and Transport System.ULUTS)是城市"生命体"活动的承载系统,研究其相互作用机理是正确识别、调控城市"病"的基础.从理论历史发展、实证经验、模型和软件分类、模型不确定性等方面对ULUTS的复杂作用机制进行了归纳总结,对城市土地利用、交通系统、区位活动和可达性之间的复杂联系进行了初步探讨,并通过文献分析、对比为深层次解决土地利用与交通问题提出了一些建议.     

LAND USE AND LAND COVER IN EASTERN CHINA: A LANDSAT ANALYSIS

Landsat imagery is a valuable source of information about the land use and land cover of inaccessible areas. In this study, the objective was to compile a map of eastern China, with particular emphasis on agricultural activity, from enhanced Landsat imagery using the diazo and density slicing techniques. Area measurement of major land uses was based on the land-use interpretation map, but because of the lack of ground verification it was necessary to turn to other sources of published and unpublished information as a control.
L'objectif de cette étude est la compilation d'une carte géographique de l'Est de la Chine, avec accentuation particulière des activités agricoles. Comme les images Landsat sont souvent la source unique d'information sur la végétation et l'utilisation de terrains inaccessibles, cette carte a éte cornpilée à l'aide d'images Landsat agrandies par les techniques diazo et density slicer. Les mesures des surfaces des régions principales sont celles de la carte d'interprétation de l'utilisation des terres. Faute d'une méthode de calibrage, il a fallu accepter les données de sources secondaires publiées et nonpubliées comme base de contrôle.     

山东省未利用土地资源及可持续利用研究

山东省未利用土地资源数量少、类型多样、开发难度大,生态环境差,地域分异明显,本文在分析未利用土地的现状及基本特征的基础上,提出可持续开发利用对策。     

国外土地利用规划发展与借鉴

世界各国在社会制度、土地资源禀赋、经济水平和发展历史等方面都存在着差异,土地利用规划并没有统一的模式。所以学习国外经验,了解国外模式是非常重要的。通过大量文献综述,阐述了联合国粮农组织(FAO)、俄罗斯、美国、德国、英国、日本等国家土地利用规划体系、内容概况,对这些国家土地利用规划编制和实施的新理念、技术、方法的共同特点及发展趋势进行了分析比较和归纳总结。在此基础上,指出国外土地利用规划经验对我国规划借鉴的七个方面,以期为我国新一轮土地利用规划的修编提供积极的借鉴。     

南京大学土地利用学科发展回顾与展望

南京大学是国内较早开展土地利用研究的高校之一。1949年后特别是改革开放以来,南京大学土地利用学科取得了突飞猛进的发展,目前已形成了一个相对完整的跨学科发展体系。经过长期的研究凝练,学科目前已逐步形成了"土地利用与规划"、"土地经济与政策"、"土地评价与整治"三个重点研究领域,并在"城市土地利用管理"和"农户土地利用行为"等方面形成了一定的研究特色。今后,南京大学将围绕"全面实现国内一流优势学科,达到国际同类研究一流水平"的目标,通过凝聚力量争取重大科研项目,引进或培养领军人物,加强重点实验室建设等战略举措,建成与国际接轨的具有南京大学特色的土地利用学科体系。     

NEW DIRECTIONS FOR URBAN ECONOMIC MODELS OF LAND USE CHANGE: INCORPORATING SPATIAL DYNAMICS AND HETEROGENEITY*

ABSTRACT We review the usefulness of urban spatial economic models of land use change for the study and policy analysis of spatial land use–environment interactions. We find that meaningful progress has been made in econometric and monocentric models extended to account for multiple sources of spatial heterogeneity and in the development of general equilibrium models with spatial dynamics. Despite these advances, more work is needed in developing models with greater realism. Most agent‐based computational models of urban land use change currently lack economic fundamentals, but provide a flexible means of linking microlevel behavior and interactions with macrolevel land use dynamics. In combination with empirical methods to identify parameters, this framework provides a promising approach to modeling spatial land use dynamics and policy effects.     

HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATIONS AND THE DEMAND FOR LOCAL LAND USE REGULATION

Residents pay into Homeowners Associations (HOAs) to exert greater control over service provision, their properties and those of their neighbors. HOAs enforce restrictions governing land use within their boundaries, but theory is ambiguous about their impact on public land use. By combining two novel data sets on Florida HOAs and municipal regulations, we examine how HOAs affect public land use regimes for 232 cities. We find that the prevalence of HOAs is positively associated with a propensity for regulation, as are newer and bigger HOAs. Also, HOAs are positively associated with land use techniques that direct development through incentives, rather than mandates.     

村镇规划与土地规划的比较及协调研究

村镇规划和土地规划是中国农村经济和社会发展规划的两种极为重要的类型。两者既密切联系,同时又存在着一定的区别,特别是在当前我国农村现代化建设中,集中表现为村镇建设与耕地保护的突出矛盾,迫切需要加以统一和协调。本文在对这两种规划的异同点、现实矛盾作出比较与分析的基础上,提出了其合理协调的主要途径。     

OVER TIME: TIME AND POLITICS IN THE USSR

In areas in which 46 million Soviet citizens live, official statutory time is not observed. Most of these areas lie in the western part of the third Soviet time zone and date from 1930-31 when the Soviet Union adopted Daylight Saving Time on a year round basis. When an additional Summer Time was announced in 1980 (beginning in 1981 from April 1 to October 1), putting the clock two hours ahead of standard time for the summer, it was also announced that local deviations from statutory time would be terminated. In 1982, however, continued local deviations were noted, and some, in fact, permitted by the state. The explanation offered is that citizens and local readers in these areas wish to be on the same time as Moscow.     

城市土地利用面临的挑战与对策探讨

本文从我国城市土地利用的现状出发,认为城市化快速发展、土地使用体制失衡、城市用地增加过快、土地利用结构不合理是世纪之交我国城市土地利用面临的主要挑战;在此基础上结合我国的具体国情,从制定科学的城市规划、建立完善的土地市场、加强有效的行政管理三方面提出了相应的解决对策。     

LAND USE IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ATMOSPHERE EXTERNALITY,WITH AND WITHOUT CORRECTIVE TAXES*

ABSTRACT. Total cleared area in a von Thünen land-use model drives an atmosphere externality which depresses agricultural productivity uniformly throughout the region. Exogenous events that encourage clearance and use of a larger cultivated area (output price or population increase) exacerbate the externality. Imposition of a simple, corrective tax on land rents does not reverse these patterns but does mitigate the increase in the externality and leaves cultivators with higher incomes than they would obtain without the tax. We examine an optimal tax on land rents, designed to maximize the social value of land rents in the region, and an output tax.