早期定窑研究

早期定窑指的是北宋之前的定窑生产状况。文章以北镇定窑遗址发掘资料为基础,结合涧磁岭地区的唐、五代窑业遗存,对早期定窑的产品面貌进行了总结。早期定窑产品主要有细白瓷、精细白瓷、中白瓷、化妆白瓷、青黄釉瓷、细黑釉瓷、粗黑釉瓷、低温釉陶等,定窑从创烧伊始就确立了以细白瓷产品为主的生产传统。以窑址发掘资料为基础,结合墓葬等遗迹出土的资料及文献记载,文章认为定窑创烧于中唐后期,并在中晚唐时期得到初步发展;经历唐末五代前期的快速发展,在五代后期迎来了窑业发展的第一个高峰,定窑生产传统及产品风格基本形成。早期定窑的发展,对南北方的白瓷生产均产生了重要影响。     

辽代白瓷与北宋定窑白瓷的鉴别研究

定窑是创烧于唐代的北方瓷窑,经唐、五代发展到北宋时期,成为我国著名窑场之一。宋代定窑的产品以白瓷为大宗,兼烧红釉瓷、黑釉瓷、绿釉瓷和磁州窑系的白釉黑花瓷。宋代的定窑白瓷以其端庄秀美的造型、素雅清新的釉色、精巧工致的纹饰而驰名中外。与北宋基本同时的辽国在建国以后,以定窑制瓷工匠为主要技术力量也设窑大量烧制白瓷,其产品与宋代定窑白瓷出奇地相似,特别是辽白瓷中属于中原器型的产品,极难与宋定白瓷区分开来,这就为断定白瓷的窑口和时代以及对辽白瓷的研究带来很多困难。本文将对辽白瓷与宋定白瓷的鉴别问题作一初步…     

北京龙泉务窑辽三彩陶瓷

<正>北京龙泉务窑发掘于1991年至1994年,为现存唯一一处从辽代早期到辽末金初最完整的制瓷手工艺遗址,填补了辽金窑址资料不足的空白。龙泉务窑生产以白瓷为主,并分精、粗两类,粗瓷主要为民间百姓日常生活之用,少量精细白瓷则供应辽代贵族使用,其白瓷烧造工艺受东北地区辽瓷窑及河北定窑影响,其器型、装饰技法、烧制工艺等有传承关系,为研究辽瓷分期、断代提供了科学可靠的依据。龙泉务窑最引人瞩目的是发现辽三彩,为北京地区首次发现,     

河北曲阳县涧磁岭定窑遗址A区发掘简报

2010年河北省文物研究所等对定窑遗址进行发掘,发现窑炉和作坊各2座、灰坑6个,出土青黄釉瓷、细白瓷和黑釉瓷等。涧磁岭是定窑五代、北宋至金代的中心窑场,其中A区自唐末五代开始烧造,一直延续到金末,出土的"尚食局"、"东宫"款瓷器,揭示了宋金时期定窑除生产贡御瓷器外,还生产日用瓷器和粗瓷器。     

北京地区辽金纪年遗址出土定窑瓷器

通过对北京地区辽代和金代纪年遗址出土的定窑瓷器进行分类研究,可知定窑瓷器是辽南京和金中都消费的重要瓷器品种。其中辽代有一些专门用于佛教寺院塔基供养的优质定窑瓷器,反映了当时佛教的盛行。金代大定以后是定窑瓷业最为繁荣的时期,定窑瓷器成为金中都文人、品官乃至皇室等不同阶层使用的较为普遍的瓷器品种。     

河北曲阳北镇定窑遗址发掘简报

2009年9月至2010年1月,北京大学考古文博学院等对河北曲阳北镇定窑遗址进行了发掘。发现的遗迹有窑炉、灰坑等,其中Y1、Y10两座窑炉保存较好。出土器物有细白瓷、精细白瓷、中白瓷、化妆白瓷、灰青釉瓷等白瓷及青黄釉瓷、粗黑釉瓷、细黑釉瓷、低温釉陶等,器类包括碗、钵、盘、碟、杯、盏、盏托、执壶、盒等。根据地层关系和出土器物的形制特征,可将北镇窑区地层分为五组,五组地层又可分为三期五段,年代为中晚唐至五代及金代。北镇定窑遗址的发掘,为研究定窑的烧造年代、工艺及产品面貌提供了重要资料。     

辽中京遗址

辽有五京,中京大定府为辽极盛时期的陪都,在辽国的军事、政治和经济上占有重要的地位。辽中京遗址在今昭乌达盟宁城县大明公社,地处开阔的老哈河北岸冲积平原。遗址东距今叶(叶栢寿)赤(赤峰)铁路天义站十五公里,北距辽代上京城址二百八十公里,与北宋使臣《行程录》中记载的由中京到上京的里程大致相符(图见封底)。中京地区地理位置险要,为历代兵家必     

内蒙古赤峰缸瓦窑与河北定窑白瓷的对比分析

缸瓦窑为内蒙古地区辽代规模较大的窑场,为辽代官窑,与宋代五大名窑中的定窑同处一个历史时期。为科学揭示缸瓦窑与定窑之间胎、釉制作工艺关系,运用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(EDXRF),分析了缸瓦窑与定窑白瓷的胎、釉化学组成,同时结合显微结构和烧成温度分析,并辅助以往的研究资料,将宋辽时期河北定窑与赤峰缸瓦窑白瓷胎、釉化学组成及制作工艺等进行系统的对比分析,发现缸瓦窑受定窑影响较大,缸瓦窑白瓷的生产体现了宋辽两地制瓷工艺的交流传播。     

承德奚族史迹考略

自北魏库莫奚人陆续进入今承德地区,至金初奚族消亡,700多年间,奚族始终活跃在今承德地区的广大区域,也就是说,承德自北魏至金初的历史是以奚族为主体民族的历史。经梳理历史文献和考古资料,平泉市平甸子遗址、滦平县十八亩地遗址应为北朝时期库莫奚族遗存,滦平县小城子、蔄子沟墓地和隆化县韩家店窖藏为隋唐时期奚族遗存,平泉市铅南沟遗址、滦平县碾子沟遗址、隆化县栲栳山遗址以及平泉市马盂山东南麓的多座辽代贵族墓和滦平县桲树下西山辽墓、银窝沟辽墓群等应为辽金时期的奚族遗存。     

辽代白瓷辨析

辽代白瓷是指辽政权统治时期在其所辖地域内烧造的白瓷制品。从窑址调查和发掘情况来看,北京龙泉务窑、辽宁官屯窑以及内蒙古缸瓦窑和上京窑等辽代瓷窑均以烧白瓷为主。而且辽代墓葬、塔墓、遗址中出土的陶瓷也以白瓷较为常见。可见白瓷在辽代陶瓷中占有相当大的比重。因此,弄清其面貌特征对于辽代陶瓷器的研     

杭州出土白瓷制作年代与产地的研究

近年来,杭州出土了一批白釉瓷器残片,特别是一些具有定窑风格的白瓷样品引发了众多考古工作者和古陶瓷爱好者的关注与浓厚兴趣。为探究其制作年代和产地,采用热释光技术和X射线荧光无损分析技术相结合的方法对一批杭州出土具有定窑风格的白瓷样品进行了检测分析。测试结果表明,这批白釉瓷片样品制作年代约处在北宋末年到南宋早期,胎的化学组成中Al₂O₃含量较高,最低24.78%,最高达33.06%,具备北方瓷器特点;胎中微量元素Rb、Sr、Zr含量的比例以及钙镁碱釉的特征与河北曲阳定窑极为相似。综合文献及其它人文考证,这批杭州出土的白瓷应该为北宋晚期至南宋早期产自于河北的定窑瓷器。此分析结果也将为研究宋金贸易及文化提供科学依据。     

Elemental Characterization by EDXRF of Imperial Longquan Celadon Porcelain Excavated from Fengdongyan Kiln,Dayao County

A mass of Longquan porcelain shards carved with ‘Guan’ or the dragon patterns were unearthed in the early Ming Dynasty layer of the Fengdongyan kiln site at Dayao County. These celadon shards were fired in the Hongwu and Yongle eras of the Ming Dynasty. In order to research the raw materials and firing technology of the imperial porcelain, 85 typical shards were analysed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results indicate that the contents of TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ in the body vary in the Hongwu and Yongle eras. Compared with Longquan glazes in the Southern Song Dynasty, the average values of K₂O, Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ are higher, but that of CaO is lower in early Ming imperial porcelain glazes. Principal components analysis (PCA) shows that different degrees of elutriation of the same raw materials are the main reason for this difference in the Hongwu and Yongle periods. However, the raw materials of imperial porcelain glazes show no obvious changes and have inherited the earlier tradition. The production and firing technology of imperial porcelain reached a higher level and had not declined in the Early Ming Dynasty.     

Provenance research by INAA on ancient Chinese white porcelain excavated from the Maojiawan site of Beijing

More than one million shards of ancient Chinese porcelain were excavated at the Maojiawan pit in Beijing in September 2005. Among these shards, four types of ancient Chinese white porcelain were identified. The ages and provenances of three of these types of porcelain were accurately determined by archaeologists based on typology. However, different archaeologists interpreted the other/fourth type differently. According to the colour of the porcelain body, it was easily identified as the product of the Jingdezhen kilns of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD). However, based on the vessel shape, this fourth type of porcelain was also identified as the product of the Cizhou kilns of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 AD). In order to determine the provenance of this type of ancient Chinese white porcelain, 131 shards comprising the four types of white porcelain identified at the site were selected as experimental specimens and analysed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). After the processing of experimental data by principal component analysis and geochemical analysis, the results show that the provenance of this type of ancient Chinese white porcelain is the Jingdezhen, not the Cizhou kiln.     

辽中京至广平甸捺钵间驿馆考略

本文利用《宋绶使辽行程录》、宋人使辽诗、方志等文献中有关信息和地理、地貌、历法等多学科知识 ,结合实地考察 ,参考前辈的成果 ,对辽中京至冬捺钵广平甸间诸驿馆的地望进行了考证。     

明早期官窑青花瓷器所用钴料的产地特征和晕散成因分析

为揭示明早期官窑青花瓷器所用钴料的产地特征和"色散而不收"的原因,以明早期官窑青花瓷器和阿联酋采集的伊斯兰蓝彩器标本为研究对象,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(EDXRF)和激光诱导击穿光谱分析(LIBS)分析方法分别对青花或者蓝彩纹饰部位以及釉的常规元素组成含量和氧化硼含量进行测试分析。结果表明:1)景德镇明早期青花瓷器所用钴料与伊斯兰蓝彩器标本类似,均为含有硼元素的经过预熔处理的低锰型钴料。2)明早期官窑青花瓷器"色散而不收"的主要原因在于其采用了含有硼的高钠、高钙以及低铝、低硅的预熔处理过的钴玻璃料。研究结果从硼元素角度佐证了明早期官窑青花瓷器所用的进口钴料可能来自于伊斯兰地区,为今后青花钴料的产地研究提供了新的视角和数据。     

成都下东大街遗址明代早期遗存发掘简报

2008年4～6月,成都文物考古研究所对成都下东大街遗址进行了发掘。发现西汉至明清时期的道路、砖墙、水井、灰坑等遗迹以及大量的陶器、瓷器、钱币等遗物,其中包括一批较丰富的明代早期遗存,以景德镇窑瓷器为主,数量多、釉色品种丰富,且不少产品的制作工艺亦属上乘,同时伴出的遗物还包括一些龙泉窑青釉产品,表明当时成都市井百姓的日常用瓷已大量充斥着来自江西、浙江等地的外来产品。初步判断,瓷器的年代约相当于明初洪武、永乐、宣德时期,下限可能至正统、景泰、天顺时期。     

Chemical analysis of white porcelains from the Ding Kiln site, Hebei Province, China

The Ding kilns were some of the most famous early kilns of medieval China, producing huge quantities of white and cream-white porcelains of outstanding technical and aesthetic quality. Since 1949 they have been excavated three times, in 1965, in 1987, and in 2009 respectively. In this latest study 69 white porcelain sherds from assured contexts and from the 2009 excavations were analyzed using laser ablation techniques (ICP-AES). The samples date from Five Dynasties, Northern Song and Jin Dynasties respectively (early 10^th to early 13^th C CE). The results show that Ding wares of different times show different characteristics that can be demonstrated through chemical composition. During the early phase of production the Ding ware bodies consisted largely of high firing kaolinitic clays with predominantly calcareous materials as fluxes. After the early Northern Song Dynasty, some calcareous material was replaced by a more potassic material. The compositions of the glazes show a parallel evolution to the bodies. However, because the glazes are very low in titania it seems unlikely that the main clay ingredients of the bodies could have been used in the glaze recipes. For much of the kiln site’s history the glazes appear to have been made mainly from the same siliceous flux-rich materials that had been blended with the main body-clays used to make the Ding ware porcelains, plus some extra calcareous material. The P₂O₅ contents of the glazes suggest that wood ash may have been one source of CaO in the glaze recipes.     

河南巩义市夹津口隋墓清理简报

白瓷的烧制成功是我国瓷器史上一项重要成就。巩义市夹津口墓葬所出隋代白瓷烧造技术已经成熟,胎质大多洁白细腻,釉色白,积釉处泛青,并且装饰以红彩,为以后釉下彩成功烧制奠定了基础。     

浑源青瓷窑瓷塑举例

浑源窑是十世纪中期以后辽国烧造陶瓷的一处重要遗址。除了独具风格的镶嵌青瓷以外,其白瓷中的瓷塑类作品在造型和烧造上都发展得较为成熟,所生产的可以把玩和穿戴的人形、动物形玩具,佛像、观音等供器以及生活用具等,都充分体现了其成熟的艺术特色。