清代外销油画《镇海楼》颜料的分析鉴别

为研究清代外销油画《镇海楼》颜料成分及颜料层状况,利用数码显微镜、傅立叶红外光谱、X射线荧光光谱并结合扫描电镜能谱技术对其进行观察和检测。研究表明,此幅清代油画中红色颜料分别为朱砂和赭石,蓝色颜料为普鲁士蓝,黄色颜料则为雄黄和铁黄,白色颜料为铅白。通过显微镜观察发现画中部分颜料层有开裂和局部剥落现象。本研究分析为中国清代油画的材料技法、保护修复及美术史研究提供了极具价值的信息。     

铅丹、朱砂及其混合物紫外光致变色的电化学及光谱研究

铅丹(Pb₃O₄)和朱砂(HgS)是古代壁画和彩绘上常用的红色颜料,它们的变色是文物保护工作者、策展人和艺术史学家长期关注的问题。但由于其所处环境复杂,影响因素众多,这些颜料的变色机理的研究较为困难。为了探究紫外光照对这些颜料的影响,采用电化学方法和控制环境的紫外老化模拟实验研究了铅丹、朱砂及其混合物的光降解过程,并利用拉曼光谱和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对实验样品进行分析。电化学实验中铅丹受405 nm激光照射出现还原电流,朱砂出现氧化电流。紫外老化实验确认了铅丹在光照下的还原反应,反应产物为碳酸铅(PbCO₃)和碱式碳酸铅[Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂]。因此,光照会引起铅丹发生还原反应,引起朱砂发生氧化反应,两种颜料表现出典型的半导体性质。另外,光化学反应动力学结果显示,掺杂朱砂可能会加快铅丹的光降解过程。     

重庆大足大佛湾彩绘绿色和蓝绿色颜料的分析研究

为了确定重庆大足大佛湾彩绘含铜、砷元素的绿色及蓝绿色颜料显色成分,应用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、便携式显微镜等无损调查方法,结合X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDX)、X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)、显微拉曼光谱仪(RM)等分析方法,对取自大佛湾塑像的绿色及蓝绿色颜料进行调查和分析。结果表明绿色颜料显色成分为为巴黎绿,蓝绿色颜料显色成分为氯砷钠铜石[NaCaCu₅(AsO₄)₄Cl·5H₂O]。根据研究结论推断,氯砷钠铜石可能为巴黎绿的变色产物。该结果为探讨近代人工合成颜料变色机理提供了新的线索和方法。     

一件中国国家博物馆馆藏铜雕塑锈蚀产物的分析研究

铜雕塑作为现代艺术品因其历史价值、文化价值、审美价值、科技价值和时代价值被越来越多的博物馆收藏。经过岁月的洗礼,雕塑上有时也会出现锈蚀产物,锈蚀产物或影响艺术品的美感或进一步损害雕塑,因此需要对锈蚀产物进行鉴别,然后采取适合的方法将其去除。为此,通过超景深三维视频显微观察、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱和傅立叶变换显微红外光谱对一件中国国家博物馆馆藏铜雕塑锈蚀产物进行取样分析。能谱结果表明该锈蚀产物中没有氯离子,再结合拉曼光谱和显微红外光谱结果可以确定锈蚀产物是蓝铜钠石[Na₂Cu(CO₃)₂·3H₂O]和含有钠离子和氧离子的水合甲酸铜[Cu₄Na₄O(HCOO)₈(OH)₂·4H₂O],这种铜锈蚀产物在国内报道较少。为防止它们进一步腐蚀和损害雕塑,选择使用物理方法将锈蚀产物清除。科学的检测方法和分析手段为铜雕塑保护方案的制定提供了重要信息支撑和理论依据。     

古代铅颜料的应用及其变色问题

铅白（2PbCO₃·Pb（OH）₂）、铅丹（Pb₃O₄）、密陀僧（PbO）是我国古代制造的三种铅的化合物.历代彩绘艺术品中大都作为绘画颜料应用.在长久的自然环境中,这三种铅颜料都会逐渐变黑.根据对敦煌莫高窟北凉、北魏、西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、宋、西夏、元等十个朝代洞窟颜料的X射线衍射和X射线荧光分析可知:历代壁画、彩塑中变成棕褐色的颜料全部是二氧化铅（PbO₂）.通过对铅颜料化学反应原理的探讨、铅颜料变色的模拟实验等棕合研究,初步认为:紫外线、H₂S气体、相对湿度等是影响铅颜料变色的主要因素.而紫外线对铅颜料变色影响最大.在高于60%相对湿度时,密陀僧会引起变色和颜料薄层的粉状化,在80%相对湿度时特别严重.铅丹在相对湿度为80%时,表面变色严重.由于敦煌彩绘艺术中没有分析出硫化铅（PbS）颜料,由此证明,敦煌石窟受H₂S气体的影响很小.     

异趣·同辉（下）——广东省博物馆藏清代广式外销艺术精品展

四．外销画 外销画产生并兴盛于十八、十九世纪,集中在广州十三行（今文化公园）一带。为迎合西方社会热衷“中国趣味”的风尚,广东画师采用西方的绘画颜料和技法,绘制带有中国风情的图画,销售给来华的洋人。外销画绘画种类多样,有布本油画、象牙油画、玻璃油画、通草水彩、纸本水粉、线描画等。     

利用FT-IR、Py-GC/MS和THM-Py-GC/MS微损分析技术探索油画文物复杂的有机基质组成

近现代油画有机基质组分复杂、难辨,其分析鉴定是当今文物保护科技研究的难点之一。利用微损分析技术研究油画文物复杂的基质结构、材料和技法,可以阐明油画特定层的性质和状况,对于专业保护人员制定修复决策至关重要——这对选择正确修复技术非常有用,关系到修复后油画的安全状态,因此已成为许多研究者关注的焦点。本研究利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热裂解气相色谱-质谱(Py-GC/MS)和热辅助水解甲基化-裂解气相色谱-质谱(THM-Py-GC/MS)等微损分析技术对一幅中国国家博物馆藏油画《德涅泊尔河的秋天》进行科技分析。研究发现,综合运用这些微损分析技术可以有效识别油画用的胶结介质和其中添加剂的种类,最大限度、准确、完整地提取样品中所蕴含的信息。结果表明,该油画的有机胶结材料为聚乙烯醋酸酯类材料和亚麻籽油,同时聚乙烯醋酸酯类材料中使用了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯作为增塑剂。裂解产物中不含光油树脂类成分,说明画作下部的光亮层并非作者有意上的光油层。此外,油画部分区域还添加了蜂蜡作为改性材料,起到增加颜料稠度、可塑性和减弱光泽的作用。     

安徽博物院所藏7幅潘玉良油画矿物色料的组成分析

油画具有色料种类繁多、同一色系的颜料多样及对环境比较敏感等特性,加上颜料自身的风化作用,仅凭肉眼难以分辨。在修复性保护工作之前,对需要补色、补底处原色料的鉴定是一项基础性的工作,以便为修复时色料的选择提供依据。为此,本研究运用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)等方法对7幅安徽博物院收藏的待修复的潘玉良油画矿物色料进行了物相及成分分析,讨论了补色修复时色料选择应注意的问题,以避免因色料粉之间不兼容(起化学反应)而对画作造成的二次伤害。     

陕西境内遗址表面CaSO42H2O产生之水盐运移规律研究

陕西境内遗址出土后短时间内表面产生白色物质CaSO₄2H₂O是非常普遍的现象。本研究利用土柱模拟遗址出土后表面产生CaSO₄2H₂O的过程,通过监测土柱中土壤的湿度、含盐量及离子变化综合分析CaSO₄2H₂O产生的原因,研究结果表明遗址出土后形成了新的界面层,在蒸发的作用下,地下水沿土壤孔隙向上迁移,同时将可溶盐带入土壤中,表面的可溶盐含量逐渐增大,达到峰值后不再增加,实验后测得表面土壤中的Ca²⁺和SO2-₄是原始土壤的数十倍,说明遗址表面产生CaSO₄2H₂O是水盐运移的结果。本研究可为遗址出土后预防CaSO₄2H₂O的产生提供依据。     

一件淮北市东汉“木侠纻”耳杯的测试分析

考古出土的漆器中,除木胎之外,有自铭“革园”的皮革与麻布为胎的漆器,有自称为“布”“绪”“纻”的麻布胎漆器,有自铭“布缯”的麻布和缯帛(一种丝织物)为胎的漆器,以及麻布夹贴于木胎之上的“木侠纻”漆器。作为夹纻胎漆器其中的一种类型,“木侠纻”漆器与“布胎”漆器在制作工艺上是否不同,二者之间是否存在技术演变关系的问题值得深入探讨。 本工作以2011年10月淮北市出土的一件东汉时期的耳杯为例,采用超景深视频显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等测试手段进行研究,深入了解汉代“木侠纻”漆器的工艺特点。显微结构观察发现在器物木胎与外层漆灰之间有着清晰的织物平纹组织结构,织物层的厚度仅占整体厚度的11.4%,远低于同尺寸“布胎”耳杯织物层所占的比例(后者一般在50%以上)。成分测试分析结果显示,髹漆材料为传统的中国大漆,红色漆膜呈色颜料为朱砂,织物材质可能为苎麻纤维,漆灰成分为SiO₂、NaAlSi₃O₈和Ca₈H₂(PO₄)₆H₂O等常见物质。上述研究结果说明,比较汉代“木侠纻”漆器工艺与“布胎”漆器,在髹漆材料、呈色颜料以及漆灰中矿物质成分等方面并无区别,仅在织物层的厚度所占胎体尺寸比例等方面有着明显差异。同时,本研究中发现“仅在木胎一侧贴附麻布”的做法与文献记载的“两麻布夹贴于木胎之上的木侠纻”工艺并不完全一致。 文章首次采用科技手段从制作材料、髹漆工艺等方面揭示了汉代“木侠纻”制作技术。事实上,从厚木胎斫制到薄木卷制成型,再到以布为胎,胎骨的变化见证了古代漆器水平的进化历程。从考古出土的漆卮、樽可以发现,薄木卷制而成的器型在两端的连接处仅依靠生漆或其他材料,其本身的结构并不牢固。古代漆工们为了防止木胎开裂,在接口处的木胎之上粘贴织物。这种借助于植物纤维的拉力增强木胎牢固性的技术即为“木侠纻”。当然,“木侠纻”工艺是否直接催生了“布胎”漆器还有待进一步讨论,但至少从传统手工业技术发展的规律可以进一步窥探两种工艺之间的借鉴或启示。时至今日,这种工艺在今天的家具、屏风制作中依然广泛使用。     

The Nigerian oil palm industry

Some 10,000 years ago with the disappearance of the last Devensian ice, the climate of the British Isles began a slow but general warming. This continued until the middle of the fifteenth century when the Little Ice Age developed, ushering in several centuries of colder weather and violent fluctuations in weather associated with the expansion of the circumpolar vortex. Detailed information of the effect on Scotland's weather of this major climatic disturbance is rare but The Chronicle of Fife written in the seventeenth century by John Lamont does provide some remarkable insights.     

China's oil diplomacy in Africa

Within the next five years, Chinese trade with Africa is predicted to reach $100 billion per year. Much of this springs from China's growing expansion into Africa's oil markets. It is argued that Chinese oil diplomacy in Africa has two main goals: in the short-term to secure oil supplies to help feed growing domestic demand back in China; and in the long-term, to position China as a global player in the international oil market. Yet at the same time, this oil safari is being accompanied by an explicit stance that emphasizes state sovereignty and 'non-interference' in domestic affairs and is wholly disinterested in transparency or human rights. Consequently, Beijing has increasingly been accused of turning a blind eye to autocracy and corruption. China is also threatening to undercut efforts by the African Union and its western partners to make government and business more accountable. While China is providing investment where little was previously forthcoming, concerns about Beijing's engagement with Africa's oil industries need to be resolved, not least by African leaders themselves.     

油画修复中两类常见问题的探讨

保护性修复和商业性修复是油画修复实践中两种不同的操作方法.目前国际上通行的油画修复方法有一整套科学规范的技术程序,需要对颜料层、画布以及依托进行全面彻底的加固、修复和保护.这种整体性的修复方法被称之为保护性修复.而商业性修复只是一种临时性的修复措施,不能从根本上消除油画损坏的原因."修旧如旧"和"修旧如新"两者的共同点都是强调历史的真实,只不过"修旧如旧"强调的是保持当前历史的真实.而"修旧如新"强调的是还原当年历史的真实.因此,在修复的实际操作中,不能片面的认为一定是"修旧如旧"对或是"修旧如新"对,对于某一类或者某一件文物和艺术品来说,究竟是"修旧如旧"还是"修旧如新",要根据社会的总体审美评价和所处环境的具体要求来决定.油画艺术是色彩的艺术,从社会的总体审美评价来说,油画作品的修复应当"修旧如新".     

Olive oil production on bronze age Crete: nutritional properties, processing methods and storage life of Minoan olive oil

Archaeological studies on olive oil produced in Crete in the Bronze Age focus primarily on aspects such as the period when olive cultivation became widespread, the number of olive trees cultivated, or the quantity of oil stored in the Minoan palaces. Olive oil is however an organic substance, a perishable product, the nutritional and storage properties of which are determined by environmental, agronomic, processing and storage conditions. In this paper archaeological, environmental and biochemical evidence is combined to present a comprehensive picture of the potential quality, nutritional and storage properties of Minoan olive oil. The comparative evidence presented suggests that Minoan olive oil was equal in quality to the cold-pressed virgin olive oils produced today, and as such, the oil was nutritionally important in the Bronze Age and a valuable trade commodity.     

Multilevel (mis)governance of palm oil production

The palm oil industry exemplifies the ‘regionalisation without regionalism’ pattern seen in other industries in Asia: extensive, regionally concentrated transnational economic integration accompanied by a low level of formal regional institution-building. Production is concentrated in Malaysia and Indonesia, and Asian countries account for a major share of the market for intermediate products. The ownership structure of palm oil production reflects the dominance of transnational Malaysian and Singaporean firms. There is no authoritative regional institution governing production, investment standards or labour in the industry. A patchwork of both enabling and regulatory governance institutions supports the industry. These are formal and informal, public and private, and are situated at multiple levels: within, below and across the nation state. Although the governance structure surrounding the palm oil industry has supported it well in terms of production volumes and profits, large externalities—environmental and social costs—persist. This article argues that the governance failures associated with the industry stem from different stakeholders' competing interests in contexts of highly unequal wealth and power distribution. Misgovernance is not an unintended consequence of institutions failing to keep up with markets in scale and scope, but is embedded in the multilevel governance regime that supports, and partially regulates, the industry.     

Potential of palaeofluid analysis for understanding oil charge history

Fluid inclusion data, particularly the distribution of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions and their chemistry, can provide insights into oil charge in a petroleum-prospective region. Examples from the UK Atlantic margin show how we can understand thermal regime, timing and chemistry of oil charge. Data from the UK Atlantic margin based on fluid inclusion temperature profiles shows anomalously high temperatures which are highest at the top of the Triassic–Eocene sequence. This is interpreted as a product of hot fluid flow, probably reflecting hydrothermal activity related to intrusion of sills at depth. The preservation of high temperatures also implies rapid migration from depth through fracture systems. Ar–Ar analysis of oil-bearing K-feldspar cements, and petrographic studies of oil inclusion distribution help delimit timing and migration pathways for the hot fluid charge and later fluid migration events. Coupled with compositional data for oils measured destructively (organic geochemistry) or non-destructively (fluorescence), these approaches allow the development of oil charge histories based on real data rather than theoretical modelling.