马克思主义公正观的三维透视

＂何谓公正＂、＂公正何为＂和＂公正何以可能＂是理解马克思主义公正观的三个基本维度。关于＂何谓公正＂,马克思主义认为公正是一种社会意识,具有历史性和阶级性;公正的根本评判标准是生产方式;公正是一种价值理想,只有在共产主义社会才能完全实现。关于＂公正何为＂,马克思主义认为,公正既是保证每个人自由平等权利的客观需要,又是实现社会和谐有序发展的必然要求。关于＂公正何以可能＂,马克思主义既着眼于理想的终极的层面,即只有彻底消灭私有制才能最终实现公正,又立足于现实的操作的层面,即大力发展生产力、加强制度和法律建设以及道德建设。     

对当前马克思主义信仰的哲学思考

当前中国社会＂信仰缺失＂的现状常被归结为马克思主义＂信仰危机＂。然而,究竟是马克思主义信仰已不具备在新的时空境遇下满足当代中国人信仰需求的内在品质,还是我们没有发掘理解其真正本质？本文在反思了当代马克思主义信仰境遇的基础上,梳理了马克思主义信仰的内涵与特征,揭示了马克思主义信仰的本真,并对新时期如何坚定马克思主义信仰给出了自己的思考。     

论马克思主义发展观的历史性与时代化

发展观是关于发展的本质、目的、内涵的总体看法和观点。马克思主义发展观遵循历史唯物主义的基本原理,是对历史发展的真实研究与表达。马克思主义经典作家对马克思主义发展观的历史性特点作出阐释与发展。恩格斯在其晚年作了更深层次的阐释,提出了历史发展＂合力的作用＂的观点。马克思主义发展观也具有时代化特征,为解决时代发展需要解决的发展问题提供方法论基础。马克思主义发展观的历史性与时代化统一于其实践性本质。     

原型批评的认知方式

西方文化中包含着古希腊逻各斯中心主义和希伯来释经学两种认知传统,前者强调认知的唯一和终极意义,后者认可不同意义阐释的合理性和存在价值。维特根斯坦、罗素和萨义德等人分别在语言学、哲学和文学研究中表达了两种认知模式应辩证共存的立场。语言学领域的原型研究中突出了对＂家族相似性＂的阐释,人类学研究中提供了对颜色等认知范畴中＂原型＂和＂模板＂的发现。这些都表明,文学批评领域的原型批评也应是一种能够打破批评围栅,实现辩证认知的批评理念和批评手段。     

“在线考试系统研发”效用研究——以景德镇陶瓷学院公共思想政治理论课为个案分析

西学东渐以来,马克思主义历经西方式马克思主义与中国式马克思主义的＂双重格义＂,在中国模式语境下基本物化成＂学理＂的务虚与＂术政＂的务实这一互相旌妍的教学生态。本文就景德镇陶瓷学院公共思想政治理论课＂在线考试系统研发＂效用研究的背景、目标对象设计以及价值展望做一＂教材体系＂向＂教学考试体系＂转变的可行性探究。     

列宁的发展学说与科学发展观

马克思主义发展学说也就是马克思主义的唯物辩证法。从发展观的角度概括和思考唯物辩证法始于列宁。列宁用＂发展观＂、＂发展学说＂、＂发展观念＂来表达和阐明唯物辩证法,系统地研究了马克思主义发展学说的基本内容与特点,正是这些理论构成了科学发展观的理论基础。     

近代日本文学家的"东方学"--以芥川龙之介为中心

美国著名文学批评家爱德华·W·萨义德在<东方学>一书中提出了在西方实际上一直存在着与"先进的西方"相对的"落后的东方",也就是所谓的"东方学"式的"二元对立"思维方式.它在西方国家以东方国家为对象大力推进殖民政策的过程中,已成为一种霸权话语.日本是一个东方国家,但是它在比西方国家落后几十年的状态下学习西方,并发展到以中国大陆为主要对象推进殖民政策.从日本近代文学家当时关于中国的言论当中也可以看出有类似于萨义德提出的"东方学"的思维方式.因篇幅的关系,本文试图通过借鉴萨义德在<东方学>里所提出的观点,重点围绕芥川龙之介这位作家,深入探讨他对中国的一些言论.     

近代日本文学家的“东力学”——以芥川龙之介为中心

美国著名文学批评家爱德华·W·萨义德在《东方学》一书中提出了在西方实际上一直存在着与“先进的西方”相对的“落后的东方”,也就是所谓的“东方学”式的“二元对立”思维方式。它在西方国家以东方国家为对象大力推进殖民政策的过程中,已成为一种霸权话语。日本是一个东方国家,但是它在比西方国家落后几十年的状态下学习西方,并发展到以中国大陆为主要对象推进殖民政策。从日本近代文学家当时关于中国的言论当中也可以看出有类似于萨义德提出的“东方学”的思维方式。因篇幅的关系,本文试图通过借鉴萨义德在《东方学》里所提出的观点,重点围绕芥川龙之介这位作家,深入探讨他对中国的一些言论。     

生态马克思主义是当代马克思主义哲学发展的新形态——兼论生态马克思主义与西方马克思主义之间关系的三种主张

在生态马克思主义与西方马克思主义的关系上,存在三种不同的观点：生态马克思主义是一种“后现代马克思主义”;生态马克思主义是西方马克思主义的一个分支;生态马克思主义是当代一种新的马克思主义哲学形态。笔者认为,从地域性、理论主题和世代性三个方面来理解,生态马克思主义是一定程度上继承了西方马克思主义传统的一种当代马克思主义哲学发展的新的理论形态,即或是仅就“世代性”脉络来考察,生态马克思主义仍然是当代发展的一种新的马克思主义哲学形态。     

早期中国马克思主义史学发展中的两个问题

本文对早期中国马克思主义史学发展中的两个问题,提出了自己的看法:一是早期马克思主义史学的发展,大体上经历了三个阶段;二是早期马克思主义史学发展迅速,后来居上的原因,我们归纳为三个方面.     

Orientalism Reconsidered: Peter Duignan,Lewis Gann,Edward Said,and the Rebirth of Imperialism

Book reviewed in this article: culture and Imperialism: Edward W. Said The Rebirth of the West: Culture, Politics and Society 7 945–1958: Peter Duignan and L. H. Gann     

Said,Auerbach, and the Return to Philological Hermeneutics

ABSTRACT

This essay explores the relationship between Edward Said’s well-known contrapuntal reading of history and Erich Auerbach’s Ansatzpunkt, or point of departure, as a means of entering a given hermeneutic circle. Although Auerbach occupied an increasingly prominent place in Said’s critical thought, his engagement with the work of the German philologist has been largely ignored or downplayed. In this essay I take the figure of exile, which is so central to Said’s scholarship and which he explicitly links with the intellectual mission of critique, as a point of departure for a deepened exploration of Said’s critical method—a method developed in critical dialogue with Auerbach’s work. Building on the existing literature, I argue that Auerbach offers more than simply a way for Said to problematize identity politics and to challenge the dogmatism of received notions of home and political belonging. More than this, I argue that the German philologist provides Said with a way to reconfigure the dialectic between history and literature; to develop his contrapuntal approach to reading history; and to rethink the parameters of a historicist humanism that, in turn, enables him to reactivate the critical potential of philological hermeneutics.     

Parnassus of the Evangelical Empire: Orientalism and the English Universities, 1800–50

Challenging the fundamental assumption of Edward Said that orientalism was a product of the secular Enlightenment, this article explores the state of oriental learning at England's most prestigious sites of intellectual and discursive production in the first half of the nineteenth century. By tracing the definitively Christian approach to empire propounded by the leading university orientalists of the period, the essay excavates an important era of orientalism overlooked by modern scholarship. From the most senior positions in the universities there spread a distinctly anti-secular and ‘providentialist’ reading of empire. Unlike the secular orientalism of the eighteenth and later nineteenth century, this new ‘evangelical orientalism’ formed the major institutionalised means of understanding Britain's Asian empire during the decades in which it was chiefly acquired. In place of the collusion of extractive imperialism and secular knowledge forms delineated by Edward Said, the article therefore outlines a relationship between orientalism and empire that was more fraught and contested.     

Marx,Engels, and the Ethics of Violence in Revolt

Marx and Engels's thought—combined with the way in which it has been interpreted—has tended to militate against discussion of an ethics of violence in revolt. Along with Sorel and Fanon, their attitude towards violence is often seen simply as one where the ends justify the means and where violence in pursuit of a just society is necessarily defensible. However, we can (and should) look to certain sources within Marx and Engels for inspiration for an ethics of violence in revolt, which places emphasis on the humanizing aspects of their work, on the core ideas of freedom, moving beyond dehumanization and moving beyond violence. I argue that this approach suggests an abhorrence of any violence and can thus be combined with a pacifist-influenced approach to the ethics of violence in revolt. This is compatible with Ernst Bloch's interpretation of Marxism, which he describes as “concrete utopianism.” Classical Marxism can, then, offer fruitful pointers to an ethics of violence in political change, although Marx and Engels's texts must be used with considerable care and must be combined with the work of other thinkers, in particular those who display more explicit moral objection to violence of any kind.     

Book Notes

Said El-Naggar (ed.), Privatization and Structural Adjustment in the Arab Countries. African Centre for Applied Research and Training in Social Development, Understanding Africa's Food Problems: Social Policy Perspectives. Penny van Esterik, Motherpower and Infant Feeding. Paul Cook and Colin Kirkpatrick (eds), Privatisation in Less Developed Countries. Gordon R. Conway and Edward B. Barbier, After the Green Revolution. Sustainable Agriculture for Development.     

“The impulse is cartographic”: Counter-Mapping Indonesia’s Resource Frontiers in the Context of Coloniality

Resource frontiers continue to expand globally across Indigenous lands as states and corporations enact forms of expropriation redolent of the formal colonial era for the sake of extraction. In the face of this expansion, the burden remains largely on frontline communities to defend their ecologies using the tools available to them. Across Indonesia’s resource frontiers, the “cartographic impulse” Edward Said once named to describe anticolonial struggles is apparent in the form of counter-mapping, which seeks to secure adat (customary) rights and defend Indigenous lands against extractivist expansion. This article revisits this practice and argues that the counter-map and its goals remain tenuous—mapping in its scalable form risks processing complex and multi-dimensional ways of relating to land into two-dimensional representations appropriate for a liberal property regime, while adat itself is a contingent and mutable legal goal. Ultimately, the article echoes emerging calls for the burden to be shifted away from frontline communities through the pursuit of just transitions to post-extractivism. Pemburuan sumber daya ke wilayah-wilayah baru yang masih kaya (resource frontiers) di tanah masyarakat adat semakin meluas secara global, seiring praktek-praktek perampasan berbau kolonial yang dilakukan oleh negara dan korporasi demi tujuan ekstraksi. Berhadapan dengan ekspansi ini, masyarakat di gugus depanlah yang menanggung beban terbesar untuk mempertahankan lingkungan hidup mereka, dengan menggunakan sarana yang tersedia bagi mereka. Di wilayah-wilayah baru ekstraksi sumber daya alam di Indonesia, apa yang pernah disebut Edward Said sebagai ‘cartographic impulse’ untuk menggambarkan perjuangan anti-kolonial terlihat jelas dalam bentuk counter-mapping, yang bertujuan untuk mempertahankan tanah-tanah adat dari ekspansi ekstravistik. Artikel ini hendak meninjau kembali praktek counter-mapping ini dan berargumen bahwa counter-map dan tujuan-tujuannya masih lemah– mapping dalam bentuk yang dapat diukur mengalami masalah dengan persoalan proses dan persoalan corak multidimensioanal dari hubungan dengan tanah dalam kaitan dengan representasi dua-dimensi yang hanya cocok dengan rezim kepemilikan liberal; sementara adat sendiri adalah tujuan legal yang sifatnya kontingen dan terbuka terhadap perubahan. Pada akhirnya artikel ini ikut menyuarakan seruan yang banyak muncul, bahwa beban harus dialihkan dari masyarakat frontline melalui usaha untuk transisi-transisi yang adil menuju post-extractivism.     

Pioneering Iranian Studies in Meiji Japan: Between Modern Academia and International Strategy

This article explores the relationship between academic studies concerning Iran in Meiji Japan (1868?1912) and Orientalism in Western scholarship. Many researchers who have limited their definition of Iranian studies to the professional works published since the 1930s have concluded that there is an indirect relation between Iranian studies in Japan and Orientalism. In contrast, this paper takes it in a wider sense to mean all academic studies regarding Iran. The paper focuses on two such important proto-academic fields regarding foreign countries in Meiji Japan: geography and international politics. It concludes that the pioneering Iranian studies scholars in the Meiji period were not totally immune to Orientalism on the one hand but, on the other, that their research on Iran was less closely connected to imperialism than the Western scholarship that Edward Said famously critiqued.     

Zwischenstadt as a travelling concept: towards a critical discussion of mobile ideas in transnational planning discourses on urban sprawl

This article contributes to the advancement of the critical analysis of transnational flows of planning ideas with a particular focus on debates around urban sprawl. It emphasizes that travelling concepts tend to lose their critical content en route, and explores how they could be revived. Our argument starts by identifying the drawbacks of comparative studies in planning, and suggests an exploration of Edward Said’s notion of travelling theories to avoid these dangers. Chronicling the import of the German concept of Zwischenstadt – which literally translated means ‘(in)between city’ – into the Swedish planning research discourse on urban sprawl, we examine how travelling concepts tend to become institutionalized during their journey. We then explore ways to revive the critical content of Zwischenstadt by first considering translations of the context of travelling concepts and then deliberations on their literal translation, which emphasizes the fruitfulness of a landscape perspective as a critical lens on urbanization processes.     

Marx and Modernity: Rethinking Labour,Capital, and Capitalism

This article argues that China’s modern historical development and, more generally, modern global developments can be illuminated by a renewed encounter with Marx’s critical analysis of capitalism. This renewed encounter entails a fundamental critique of traditional Marxism’s understanding of capitalism and of socialism. It seeks to explain the historically dynamic character of capitalist society as a system of ongoing constraints. This central feature of the contemporary world cannot be grasped adequately by intellectual paradigms, such as theories of identity or of politics, which have been dominant in recent decades. The approach outlined here analyzes capitalist modernity as structured by a historically unique social function of labour, and is based on a fundamental reevaluation of the meaning of labour in Marx’s analysis as the object, rather than the standpoint of his critique. The focus on the historical specificity of Marx’s analytic categories also calls into question any conception of a transhistorically valid social science.