秦汉货币制度概述

秦汉货币的产生和发展,对中国封建社会的政治、经济和化的演变有着重大影响。公元前221年,秦灭六国,结束了战国时期群雄割据的局面,开始创建统一的封建专制国家,并实施中央集权体制;西汉加以巩固和发展;新莽和东汉渐次削弱而趋向割据。为了统一国家和中央集权制,秦汉王朝采取过许多政策措施,在货币方面尤为突出。     

秦汉半两以尺寸指代重量论

在阴阳五行思想背景下,秦半两形成了重十二铢、直径十二分的制度。在中央集权制国家机器的强力推行下,人们的思维中,钱币上度制单位的"分",与衡制单位的"铢"便形成了对应关系,在这种思维的影响下,汉代的货币制度中,产生了"三分钱"、"五分钱"指代三铢半两钱、五铢半两钱的习惯。     

秦汉太尉职能的演变

秦统一六国后,创立了统一的专制主义中央集权制的封建国家。皇帝拥有至高无上的权利,从中央到地方建立了一套比较完整的统治机构,以实行专制主义中央集权的统治。在中央实行三公九卿制,继承秦制,汉朝的官制是在这个基础上发展起来的。但三公中"太尉"一职职能特殊,从秦到汉,其职能的演变有助于后人对秦汉官制的进一步研究。     

秦汉的教育法学思想

秦在统一六国之前,就有实行法治的传统。秦孝公时任用商鞅进行变法,使相对落后的秦国一跃而成为战国最强大的国家。秦始皇时期,继续实行法治政策,在秦国著成的《吕氏春秋》一书中的思想,以道、法内容居多。秦统一后,秦始皇决定不再实行分封制,并决定焚毁《诗》《书》等百家语,标志着秦代所实行的法家政策达到顶峰。     

雍城秦汉瓦当艺术

在秦国近六百年的历史上,先后建有八座都邑,雍城是其中最为重要的一座,它位于陕西关中平原西部,今陕西省凤翔县城南。秦自德公元年至献公二年（公元前677年—公元前383年）在此建都,历时294年,是秦国历史上延续时间最长的一座都城,先后有十九位国君在此征战经营,逐渐确立了雍城作为政治、经济、军事、文化中心的地位,为秦争霸中原及后来统一全国奠定了坚实的基础。     

馆藏王莽货币概述

馆藏王莽货币概述陈丽凤我国自秦统一中国行用半两,至西汉初仍沿秦制,一直到汉武帝元狩五年（公元前１１８年）改为五铢钱止,钱币均以重量命名。西汉末年,王莽执政,建立了以“新”名国的政权。王莽为了复古的需要,大胆改变汉制,把钱币所有铸造权掌握在中央政府手中...     

票据史话——古钱币之先河

正公元前221年,秦国统一六国后,确立了统一的法律、文字、度量衡和货币。在秦统一六国之前,各国钱币的形状不一,有环钱、刀币、铲币等,而且只能在各自统辖的范围内流通。秦朝建立后,废止了六国旧钱,在秦国半两钱的基础上加以改进,铸成方孔圆形的秦半两钱流通于世。秦半两的使用结束了     

秦汉时期砖瓦窑研究

秦汉时期是中国古代砖瓦生产的繁荣时期。在砖瓦生产中,窑炉是最重要的技术基础之一,故对砖瓦窑的研究具有重要意义。秦汉时期的砖瓦窑型制众多,结构各异。就地域而言,秦汉时期的核心地区即陕西省和河南省出土的砖瓦窑数量最多,型制也最丰富。而从发展阶段来看,该时期的砖瓦窑呈现出随着时间推移类型逐渐减少、型制趋于统一的趋势。     

阴阳刑德与秦汉秩序认知的形成

秦依照阴阳刑德学理确立了"尚水重刑"的治国思路,形成了严苛的秦政。西汉融合了儒家之教化刑德论、法家之赏罚刑德伦和阴阳刑德论,以阴阳之间的相互关系形成了新的刑德论。刑德作为阐释政治秩序运行的学说,成为秦汉时期解释天人运行秩序的视角,奠定了中国术数的学理基础。     

楚都丹阳研究的新进展——读《楚都丹阳探索》

正楚是周代诸侯中的主要大国之一。楚在南方的发展,将南方地区不同来源、面貌各异的族群与文化融合成为统一的楚人与楚文化。秦灭六国,一统天下,又经秦末战乱后,西汉建立,承秦制、融楚俗,刘邦集团以楚人为主体入主关中,将秦、楚文化及关东诸国的文化融为一体,形成了统一的汉文化,因此楚文化是汉文化的主要来源之一。     

THE TIME OF THE SELF AND THE TIME OF THE OTHER

What is time? This essay offers an attempt to think again about this oldest of philosophical questions by engaging David Hoy's recent book, The Time of Our Lives: A Critical History of Temporality, which proposes a “history of time‐consciousness” in twentieth‐century European philosophy. Hoy's book traces the turn‐of‐the‐century debate between Husserl and Bergson about the different senses of time across the various configurations of hermeneutics, deconstruction, poststructuralism, and feminist theory. For him, what is at stake in such a project is to distinguish between the scientific‐objective “time of the universe” and the phenomenology of human temporality, “the time of our lives.” Hoy's approach is to organize his book around the three tenses of time—past/present/future—and to view objective‐scientific time as derived from the more primordial forms of temporalizing lived experience that occur in our interpretation of time. In my reading of Hoy's work, I attempt to explore how “time” (lived, experiential, phenomenological) can be read not in terms of “consciousness” (Hoy's thematic), but in terms of the self's relationship with an Other. That is, my aim is less to establish a continental tradition about time‐consciousness, understood through the methods of genealogy, phenomenology, or critical theory, than it is to situate the problem of time in terms of an ethics of the Other. In simple terms, I read Hoy's project as too bound up with an egological interpretation of consciousness. By reflecting on time through the relationship to the Other rather than as a mode of the self's own “time‐consciousness,” I attempt to think through the ethical consequences for understanding temporality and its connection to justice.     

人地关系观、规划观的历史轨迹初探——兼论城市规划观的未来趋向

本文探讨了人地关系观及规划观的历史演变,结合后现代主义思潮,对城市规划今后发展方向提出一系列建议。     

“中华民国中央银行钞票”揭秘

“中华民国中央银行钞票”存世极少,十分珍贵。其面值见有壹元、五元两种(插二下),其中壹元票长144,宽89mm;五元票长160,宽92mm。钞票正面,上端均为篆书“中华民国中央银行钞票”、下侧均有篆书“中央银行发行”字样,中间则分别为隶书“壹元”或“五元”之面值,四角分别有“壹”和“1”或“五”和“5”的面值数,底纹均为由无数“中央银行”小字纵向排列而成的放光芒图案;钞票背面,中间分别为“壹元”或“五元”面值,面值两侧分别有“1”或“5”字面值数。吴筹中先生曾在1990年第三期《中国钱币》上刊出过一张五元票的黑白图版,当时他认为是…     

THE LOCATION OF THE TREASURY OF ATREUS

Summary.   The Treasury of Atreus, the largest and most impressive of the nine tholos tombs found at Mycenae, stands by itself at the southern edge of a bowl in the east slope of the Panagia ridge. This paper argues that the tomb was constructed on this particular spot so that it would be seen from the trackways/roads that led to Mycenae from the east, south-east and south-west and from the main pathway to the palace. The view of the acropolis hill and Mt. Profitis Ilias from the space occupied by the earthen mound above the tholos also appears to have influenced the choice of location. It is suggested that the position of the Treasury of Atreus was, like the tomb itself, a political statement, calculated to show that the ruler who built the tomb succeeded in extending the territory of Mycenae across the central Argolid.     

THE STATUE OF THE GOODESS OF MERCY

TheGoddessofMercyinthePotalaPalace,measuring93cmhighand10cmwide,enjoysfameasgreatasthestatueofSakyamuni,thefounderofBuddhismintheJokhangMonaSteryThisisbecausetheTibetansbelievetheGoddessofMercyisthegoddessfromwhomSongtsanGambowasreincamatedtosavetheTibetans.CreatedintheearlydaysoftheTuboKingdom,thestatuehasbeenstandinginthePotalaPalaceformorethan1,360years.Althoughitsufferedfromtheransackingthatfollowedeachwar,itwasretumedtothepalacemiraculouslyintheend.DuringthereignofTuboKingDarmaW…     

THE CENTENNIAL OF THE FOUNDING OF THE ASKANIYA-NOVA NATURE RESERVE

This article traces the history of the creation and early precarious existence of the oldest Soviet nature reserve, Askaniya-Nova in the Ukraine, and represents part of the ongoing Soviet re-assessment of environmental history in that country (for a Western view, see [60]). It describes the protracted conflict between preservationist and utilitarian perspectives on land use in the reserve, the latter gaining ascendancy during the 1930s under Lysenko and Stalin. Of special interest is coverage of post-war “restoration” at the reserve, or more specifically, the continuation of less than ideal conditions up to the present (translated by Elliott B. Urdang, Providence, RI 02906).     

尼罗河畔文明物语

<正>尼罗河是埃及的母亲河,准确说更是生命线,一条郁郁葱葱的绿色生命线,置于茫茫的沙漠之中。埃及90%的人口,生活在这全国1/30国土的尼罗河畔。这条河见证了埃及古老文明的形成和兴旺,主导了两岸生灵的繁荣与衰落。跟随这条河,人们在历史的时空穿梭,跨过河上河下,遍看古代现代,游走神庙田舍,拥抱沙漠绿洲。我们在阿斯旺下火车,行李直接就送到斯蒂芬妮游轮了,我们要在尼罗河上航行三日,这是期盼许久的心念。有多久呢?算起来有40年了。自从1978年电影《尼罗河上的惨案》     

PROBLEMS OF THE LEVEL OF THE CASPIAN AND THE STABILITY OF ITS SHORELINE

The first of two papers on the problem of forecasting the level of the Caspian Sea evaluates factors widely believed to have been responsible for its lowering during much of the present century (including tectonic movements, climatic cycles, human activity). It concludes that previous forecasts have been inaccurate because of the failure to adequately model the complexity of processes involved, specifically the internal mechanisms of “self-regulation” of water levels. Continuation of the recent slight rise in the Caspian's level is predicted at least into the early 1990s (translated by Andrew R. Bond).