马克思的实践思维方式及其在中国的历史发展

马克思哲学变革的实质和意义,是以实践思维方式取代传统哲学的本体论思维方式。实践思维方式,是实践活动本身各种矛盾在哲学思维中的有机统一,是唯物论的实事求是原则和辩证法的否定批判原则的内在统一,它在本质上是一种主体性思维方式、类主体思维方式、超越性思维方式。马克思的实践思维方式在中国发展的三种主要历史形态是：变革思维方式、发展思维方式、创新思维方式;与此相适应的马克思主义哲学中国化的三种主要历史形态为：变革哲学、发展哲学和创新哲学。新世纪新形态的马克思主义哲学,本质上应是一种以创新思维方式为实质为核心的创新哲学;而变革哲学与发展哲学及其思维方式,则构成创新哲学及创新思维方式不可缺少的理论前提和范式基础。     

数学教学中发散性思维的培养

发散性思维是不依常规,寻求变异,对给出的材料,信息从不同角度,向不同方向,用不同方法或途径去分析和解决问题的一种思维方式。长期以来,数学教学以集中思维为主要的思维方式,课本上的题目和材料的呈现过程大都循着一个模式,学生习惯于按照书上写的与教师的方式去思考问题,     

基于创造性思维的平面设计创意研究

平面设计作为一种创造性的思维活动,要以创造性思维为根本,以创意为发展平台,结合实际,寻求一种全新方位的思维创造模式,打破传统的单一形势,为现代平面设计开拓一个比较全面的思维创造环境。因为平面设计在今天的社会中已经完全的融合到人们的生活当中,影响了人们的每一个生活领域,那么只想运用单一的风格来创造设计已变得不太现实,所以面对这样的环境,我们要不断创新,运用多种创造性的思维和创意研究为生活做改变。创意思维表达的是一种综合性的思维方式,其中包括常规的思维方式,创造性思维、形象思维以及逆向思维等多种方式。设计师要学会运用不同的创造思维方式来创造更多优秀的作品。     

论经济学的思维方式

经济学是一个发现的过程,是—种思维方式,而不是“具体的真理本身”。经济学不仅是关于资源配置,关于人的理性选择行为,关于经济运行机制和规律的理论知识体系,而且,它也是分析人的理性选择行为,解释和理解经济现象,探究经济活动规律的一种思维方式和方法。本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上,对经济学的思维方式进行了不同角度的探索,并简要探讨了经济学的思维基础和几个核心概念。     

“左”倾思潮与政治标签化

正"左"倾思潮是当代中国从上个世纪50年代中后期开始的20多年时间里持续存在的一种突出的政治现象和文化现象。"左"倾思潮不仅极大地影响了当代中国的社会发展与政治走向,而且作为一种特定的、具有广泛支配性的叙事结构深深地左右着人们的思维方式和行为方式,形成了当代中国独有的政治文化现象。政治标签化正是这种特定思维方式和行为方式的突出表现。政治标签化,即给不同的人群和不同的行为乃至不同的思想意识粘贴相应的政治标志,是改     

马克思实践唯物主义中的“物”

传统马克思主义哲学教科书的唯物观把"物"仅限定为"客观实在",与人、人的活动(实践)完全脱离,这必然使它丧失属人的现实性,成为一种向来为马克思所批判的抽象的、与世隔绝的"无"。这里问题的关键就在于它没有转变思维方式,没有像马克思那样按照实践思维方式去思维,只有把握实践思维方式这一马克思主义哲学的最高本质,才能实现对"物"的科学理解,确立科学的唯物观。     

论解放思想的三大精神内涵

所谓解放思想,从根本意义上讲就是指人的认识适应客观实际不断进行更新和调整的一种积极行为,也是人们在实践中不断认识自我、改造自我,寻求正确认识定位的一个过程。人是实践的主体,人的社会实践的成功与否不仅取决于客观实际本身,在很大程度上更取决于认识对实践的正确指导作用。但由于人的认识活动总是在一定的思维定方式下进行,而思维方式既是人认识事物、把握真理的有力武器,又有可能阻碍人的认识的发展,其相对稳的特点,容易使人养成一种固定的思维习惯和思维定势,从而导致人的思想趋于保守、僵化。为此,要求得思想的不断解…     

西方近代哲学的思维方式探讨

从深层意义上讲,哲学是一种独特的思维方式。从理论上看,存在两种可能的哲学思维方式:现成论的思维方式和生成论的思维方式。从哲学发展的现实看,古典哲学的主导思维方式是现成论的,近代哲学的主导思维方式是生成论的。本文阐述近代西方不同哲学思维方式,同时也将它们产生的影响进行探讨。     

浅谈初中数学教学中发散性思维的培养

作为义务教育阶段的数学教育,不仅要教会学生学习知识、掌握技能,同时还应注重培养创新意识、思维和能力。而发散思维是一种不依常规、寻求变异,对给出的材料、信息从不同角度,向不同方向,用不同方法或途径进行分析和解决问题的一种思维方式,它正好反映了创造性思维"尽快联想尽多作出假设和提出多种解决问题方案"的特点,因而它是创造性思维的一种主要形式。现结合数学教学的特点谈谈发散思维能力的培养。     

以“生”为中心,激发学习兴趣——数学课堂教学中几个知识点处理策略

本文主要通过课堂实践,总结了几种能够激发初中生数学学习兴趣解决问题的策略。数学学习因人而异,在不同的个体中能引起兴趣的点也不同,让学生感兴趣的有效方式往往是:激发学生对学习主题的好奇—-可以借用趣味的背景、有挑战的问题情境等。本文建立在此基础上寻找了几种方法。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.