EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN GARZE

For half a century, the Garze Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture has made impressive progress in local education, and now has 231 primary, 72 middle and 7 polytechnic schools. Nine-year compulsory education is prevalent in Kangding and Luding, and six-year compulsory education is practiced in 77 other towns and townships. Attendance by school age children has risen from 0.25 percent in 1950, the year before the peaceful liberation of Tibet, to 84.32 percent at present; and the illit…     

GREETINGS FROM GARZE

Flowers blossom amid the green grass, with leaves irrigated by dew and roots scented by butter." This best describes what awaits the visitor to Garze Tibet Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province.Garze, covering 153,001.91 square km, was the first autonomous prefecture ever established in China. It exercises jurisdiction over 18 counties, with a population of 880,000, some 75.68 of them being Tibetan and the remainder Han, Yi, Hui, Qiang and Naxi. In this special issue, we i…     

GARZE:FIFTY GLORIOUS YEARS

On November 24, 1950, the Xikang Provincial Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Region (later renamed Garze Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture) was created as the first of its kind in New China.GARZE IN 1950. Fifty years ago, most parts of Garze groaned under feudal serfdom. The manorial economy played the dominant role, so that social productivity was extremely low with a primitive production mode. No place in Garze was accessible by motor vehicle; Industry was almost zero, exce…     

GARZE PREFECTURAL TIBETAN MEDICINE HOSPITAL

Historically known as Kamba, Garze Prefecture is one of the sources for Tibetan medicine. In 1984, the prefecture saw the establishment of the Garze Prefectural Tibetan Medicine Hospital in Kangding. It combines clinical treatment with teaching, scientific research and medicine production.After 17 years of efforts, the hospital has grown to cover an area of 6,178 square meters, with a constructed area of 6,100 square meters. Of the 70-plus medical workers, five have senior academic titles …     

SMALL BUSINESS VIABILITY IN THE URBAN GHETTO*

ABSTRACT Within the minority communities of large SMSAs, neither the black-owned business nor the small nonminority enterprises are flourishing. Facing limited access to financial capital as well as constrained markets, the ghetto firms that do persist are typically quite small in terms of sales and employment. Among black establishments, the least educated entrepreneurs are the ones who are most likely to remain in business. Unless greater financial capital is forthcoming and better educated owners are induced to remain in business, the business community that is located in minority neighborhoods of large urban areas may be destined to stagnate.     

TWENTIETH-CENTURY RETAIL CHANCE IN THE HALIFAX CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT

The Halifax downtown area has experienced considerably change in the amount, type, and location of retailing in this century, exemplifying many processes and patterns typical of North American cbds. Owing to increased competition from suburban business districts, retail activity has remained fairly constant in absolute terms but has declined relative to the rest of the urban area. In response, the mix of downtown retailing has been reoriented to emphasize the district's comparative advantages, cbd retailers have differentiated their goods and services from those of suburban competitors but have also attempted to provide settings and amenities - notably, indoor malls and off-street parking - which mimic those found at suburban shopping centres. Such changes are investigated in this case study by means of two broad questions: (1) how and why has the cbd's overall mix of retail types changed through time, and (2) how and why have changes occurred in the location of retailing and retail types within the cbd?     

IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING BOOMS: EVIDENCE FROM SPAIN*

ABSTRACT We provide causal estimates of the effect of immigration on house prices and construction activity in Spain over the period 2000–2010. During this period Spain experienced spectacular swings in both immigration and the housing market. Our instrumental‐variables estimates suggest that between 2000 and 2010, immigration led to an average 1.5 percent annual increase in the working‐age population. This was responsible for an annual increase in housing prices of about 2 percent, and for a 1.2–1.5 percent increase in housing units. Overall, immigration was responsible for one quarter of the increase in prices and about half of the construction activity over the decade.     

广州城市游憩商业区(RBD)的形成与发展

城市游憩商业区作为城市中一种新的功能区已逐渐成为城市新的空间要素,为旅游者、本地及周边地区的居民承担着提供旅游、休闲、娱乐、购物等功能,并作为城市游憩系统中的重要组成部分。本文对初具规模的广州城市RBD--天河城地段进行实证研究,分析城市RBD的形成过程和发展特点,总结其形成机制。     

西方国家社区环境中零售业微区位论的一些规律(一)

西方国家对城市社区区域研究与规划已深入到对零售业微区位的探讨上。本文对国外社会区域中零售业微区位论的研究进行了一些归纳:(1)交通类型、兴趣区与微区位的关系规律;(2)零售业场所布局的"人本"要素。     

嵌入、认同、责任：地方社区中的旅游小企业

围绕旅游小企业根植于地方社区的社会理性本质,本文借助嵌入理论探讨旅游小企业经济活动背后社会责任行为的成因。研究发现：①旅游小企业主的地方认同对企业社会责任行为有着显著的正向影响;②旅游小企业主的社区嵌入对地方认同有着显著的正向影响;③旅游小企业主的地方认同在社区嵌入对企业社会责任影响中扮演着显著的中介作用;④旅游小企业主的地方身份特征在社区嵌入对地方认同的影响中起着显著的调节作用,社区嵌入中获得更多社会资源的外来小企业主比本地小企业主对地方认同的影响更强。本文揭示了旅游小企业社会责任的地方空间特征,形成了地理学人—地关系研究的新方向,并为社区嵌入管理和商业环境塑造等工作提供了实践启示和建议。     

LOCAL TAX BURDENS AND THE SUPPLY OF BUSINESS SITES IN SUBURBAN MUNICIPALITIES*

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of local household tax burdens and other community attributes on the supply of business sites made available by local municipalities. A model of community site supply is tested in which municipalities trade off increased fiscal benefits from business location and reductions in environmental quality that accompany industrial and commercial development. This tradeoff is embodied in municipal zoning decisions. Empirical analysis of industrial and commercial zoning in two rapidly growing suburban counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area provides considerable support for the tenets of community site supply theory.     

XARBA WOMEN DO BUSINESS

WomenoftheXarbaethnicgroupusedtobeshyaboutleavingtheirhome,preferringformanygenerationstoconcentrateontheirhouseholdchores.Suchatradition,however,hasbeenerodedbytheinvadingmarketeconomy.TheBarbausedtoliveinGungbasa,afewhourswalkfromZham.Surroundedbytoweringmountains,Gungbasaisaworldofdenseforests.AfterthepeacefulliberationofTibetin1951,especiallyaftertheDemocraticReformin1959,theXarbaswereencouragedtosettledowninZhamandsomeotherplaces.AccordingtoCering,atownshipgovernmentofficial,thereare…     

广州地铁沿线零售商业形态与空间分布探讨

选取我国地铁发展速度最快的城市之一的广州作为背景,以地铁沿线商用物业的核心圈层为对象,本文在调查分析地铁沿线零售商业的串珠状组团式的空间分布特征和以百货店为主的多业态并存的业态结构特征的基础上,探讨了地铁沿线商业业态聚集的空间等级和各等级的业态空间类型,分析了其内部和外部因素,并揭示了地铁对零售空间分异、商业热点的形成及零售客流的影响作用。     

THEORIZING GLOBAL BUSINESS SPACES

Over the last decade, geographers have paid a great deal of attention to transnational firms (TNCs) and global production networks (GPNs) in the global economy, to the emergence of a mobile transnational business class and also to the development of global or globalizing cities. All three literatures have made important contributions to understanding the spatiality of global economic activity, but each adopts a fairly discreet theoretical and empirical focus. This article aims to outline a number of theoretical dimensions for thinking about how these key strands to the globalization debate can be brought together through the concept of global business spaces. It will propose a framework for understanding the spatialities of global economic activity that seeks to capture the complex interaction of material, social, organizational and virtual spaces that form the context through which it is constituted. With reference to business travel as a key form of economic practice which plays a central role in (re)producing these spaces, it assesses how these emerging spaces of global economic activity present problems for the conceptual categories commonly used by both urban and economic geographers. In so doing, it proposes a series of ways in which a different research agenda can produce new insight into the complex forms of social practice at the centre of global economic activity.     

THE BUSINESS OF WELFARE

A common narrative in welfare state research is that Sweden exemplifies a specific model of welfare, ‘the Swedish model’, or ‘the Social democratic welfare regime’. From this perspective the emerging welfare state left little room for private initiatives – the stage was set for the development of an encompassing welfare state in the 1950s. In this article I argue that this, virtually hegemonic, perspective has hindered an analysis of how private insurance co-existed and thrived within the emerging Swedish welfare state. As an alternative approach to ‘modelling’ – the concept of welfare-formation is developed to analyse mutually sustaining practices of welfare. I show how the insurance business and its protagonists influenced the settings of public pension schemes in a way that underpinned their own interests. A close cooperation with the state apparatus was fundamental for creating a trustworthy insurance market and legitimizing the business claim of fulfilling a social mission. The business adaptability in the shifting landscape of social policy also influenced perceptions of security and welfare in general. Commercial ideals became an essential dimension of the welfare state. By exploring this marginalized history – the business of welfare – the study deepens our understanding of modern welfare societies.     

SWEDISH EXPLORERS,IN-SITU KNOWLEDGE,AND RESOURCE-BASED BUSINESS IN THE AGE OF EMPIRE

The period from 1870 to 1914 plays a unique role in the history of natural resource exploration and extraction. This article analyses, from a Swedish viewpoint, the connections between two actor categories of special importance in this context: scientific-geographical explorers and industrial actors. The article examines their activities in three broadly defined regions: the Arctic, Russia, and Africa. We show that the Swedes generally had far-reaching ambitions, on par with those of the large imperial powers. In some cases, notably in Africa, Sweden was not able to compete with the larger imperial powers; but in other cases, such as the exploration of the Arctic – from Spitsbergen to Siberia – and the industrial exploitation of coal at Spitsbergen and petroleum in Russia’s colonial periphery, Swedish actors played a leading role, in competition with players from the larger European nations. Our paper shows that scientific exploration and industry were closely linked, and that foreign policy also influenced the shaping of these links. We distinguish different types of knowledge produced by the Swedish actors, pointing to local, situated knowledge as the most important type for many resource-based businesses, although modern, scientific knowledge was on the increase during this period.     

EXCHANGING BUSINESS CARDS IN JAPAN: Oh! So you are an …

This article uses the simple example of a Japanese business card as a threefold way to explore identity making, essentialist features, and what it is that anthropologists do. In Japan, the transmission of idealized forms of identity has been explained through numerous processes, such as national discourses or education. Yet, how stereotypical ways of being are reproduced and embedded in insignificant little things – like the worlds that collide on the two faces of a business card – is a subject that has received far less attention. Anthropology has much to gain by focusing on how everyday objects simplify, encapsulate or sanitize identities in ways that disregard the lived experiences of many.