DEGE SUTRA PRINTING HOUSE

TheDegeSutraPrintingHouse,alsoknownastheDegeAuspiciousHouseofWisdom.wasfirstbuiltin1729.Accordingtolamasattheprintinghouse,itishometomorethan70percentofthesutraprintingblockstobefoundinTibet.ThePRCStateCouncilhaslisteditasaculturalrelicsunitunderspecialprotection.TheDegeSutraPrintingHouseislocatedintheOpulungMountainvalleyinDegeCounty,GarzeTibetanEthnicGroupAutonomousPrefectureinSichuanProvince.ItisacomplexofTibetanpalace-stylebuildingsdividedintofourfloors:thesutraprintingblockwa…     

德格印经院——西藏高原上的万里墨香

<正>青藏高原,一个可以洗涤灵魂的地方,朝圣的人们不断地涌向拉萨,可你知道吗,在这块土地上有那么一个院落,始终用最古老的工艺,印刷着藏传佛教的典籍,记录着西藏的文化。它就是德格印经院,位于四川甘孜藏族自治州的德格县。印经院构造独特,红墙高耸,绿树婆娑,幽静壮观。靠大门侧为1楼1底,正房则为2楼、3楼,参差有致,是典型的藏式风格建筑。     

穿花衣的木屋

<正>提到瑞士,很多人都会想起雪山、草场和木屋。你知道么,其实瑞士各地的传统木屋有着不同的外形和结构,伯尔尼高地上的蒂姆蒂格谷,就以拥有风格独特的传统木屋而著称。     

邦达森厦——邦达仓的建筑

邦达仓“森厦”（森厦,贵族城市府邸）位于八廓街东南角,与大多数拉萨老城里的贵族府邸一样,在外侧用一道毫无特征的厚重石墙将自己封闭起来——仅通过一座辉煌的房门与外界取得联系,让外来人很难从外观上一探究竟。在外部,或许是出于宗教道德或社会传统观念的考量,贵族的“森厦”如居住其中的贵族们一样,表现出一种“不事张扬”和“谨小慎微”的拉萨旧贵族品质。邦达仓自然也不例外。     

“买”下悉尼歌剧院

风靡全球的桌游“大富翁”现在又有了悉尼版。只需要400元,你就能在游戏中购买悉尼歌剧院和海港大桥这样的“高端物业”。大富翁（Monopoly）这款多人策略图版游戏,是上世纪经济大萧条时期由美国宾州的一名下岗工人发明,初衷是嘲讽“自由放任的”资本主义经济政策,谁料推出后广受各国玩家欢迎。     

LONGBRIDGE DEVERILL COW DOWN, WILTSHIRE, HOUSE 3: A MAJOR ROUND HOUSE OF THE EARLY IRON AGE

Summary. The settlement complex on Longbridge Deverill Cow Down in west Wiltshire comprises two major farmsteads, with their associated trackways and field systems, which were in use from the 8th to the 2nd century BC. The excavations, between 1956 and 1960, could only sample Enclosures II and III, whose ditches turned out to be relatively late features belonging to the larger and longer lived of the two farms. However, by good fortune, the interior areas excavated contained the very well-preserved post-holes of no less than four successive great round houses, the largest up to 60 feet (18.30 m.) in diameter, with masses of surviving structural evidence, pottery and other finds. This article describes and discusses the latest and best preserved of the great houses, House 3 of the end of the 6th century, and it attempts to throw new light not just on the construction and internal lay-out of these huge structures, but also the manner in which they may have been used, domestically and ceremonially, by their inhabitants at the end of the Late Bronze and beginning of the Iron Age in Wessex.     

THE TREASURE OF GUARRAZAR: TRACING THE GOLD SUPPLIES IN THE VISIGOTHIC IBERIAN PENINSULA*

The treasure of Guarrazar, found in the 19th century in Spain, is the most important illustration of the high level of Visigothic jewellery in the Iberian Peninsula. The votive crowns and crosses of this treasure are an arrangement of pierced gold in a Byzantine–Germanic style, decorated with emeralds, garnets, sapphires and other materials. In order to establish the provenance of the gold, we analysed a group of 46 minute samples from the most important pieces kept in Spain for major and trace elements. The combination of PIXE and PIGE with an external 3 MeV proton µ‐beam was used to analyse the samples. Considering the gold sources cited by Pliny the Elder and the composition of contemporary Visigothic coins, we suggest the exploitation of south Iberian mines. Using the same set‐up, we complemented these results with the analysis of 11 emeralds inlaid in items from the Guarrazar jewellery that is kept in France. We suggest the use of European sources unknown to the Romans for these gemstones.     

TRAFFIC EXTERNALITIES AND SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE PRICES*

ABSTRACT. This study is the first to lend empirical support to the common belief that traffic intensity affects property values. Using a standard hedonic pricing model, this paper investigates the price effects on housing of traffic within a neighborhood. Results using data on single-family housing transactions for two different locations in a medium-sized city show a substantial negative price effect of traffic externalities. The magnitude of the effect is shown to be location specific.     

A DISCIPLINED ENVIRONMENT: PENAL REFORM IN THE EAST RIDING HOUSE OF CORRECTION

Abstract

This article is a contribution to the debate on the development of institutions in England during the I9th century. This is made through an examination of the House of Correction, located in Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire, (I8IO-I877). Imprisonment became a more disciplined and ‘total’ experience during this period. This is evident in the use of the treadwheel, in a monotonous and more uniform diet, in the system of punishments and in the development of a disciplined staff. However, the speed and completeness of these developments depended upon the priority given to the prison by different local authorities and the reformative techniques that were adopted. In a comparison between Beverley and Hull, the nearest large town, evidence suggests that the internal prison discipline and the external social discipline encouraged by and represented in the system and personnel of local government, were closely linked.     

MORTUARY DISPLAY AND CULTURAL CONTACT: A CEMETERY AT KASTRI ON THASOS

Summary.   This article explores how the patterns of development within the local populations prior to Greek colonization, or even Greek contact, can elucidate the process of Greek colonization. Focusing upon the Thracian Early Iron Age cemetery of Kastri on Thasos, it suggests that past interpretations of such cemeteries as undifferentiated is due to the imposition of modern ideas of value. This article instead uses the criterion of diversity to suggest that the cemetery in fact has clear patterns of social differentiation in the first and last periods of use. Furthermore imports are restricted to graves of highest diversity in the last period of use (the early seventh century BC). This pattern is repeated over Early Iron Age Thrace, and is indicative of a social change within Thrace prior to Greek colonization which saw nascent Thracian elites seeking out imports from many areas in order to bolster their status.     

HUMANS, LAND, AND LANDSCAPE: A PROPOSAL FOR CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Four sources for the elaboration of a redefinition of culture and for the outlining of a revised method for cultural geography are examined: superorganicist and related ideas (White), symbolic and interactionist ideas (Geertz), institutional and interactionist views (Wagner), and symbolic interactionism and human ecology (Ericksen). These four are discussed within the broader context of human and land relations and of the evolution of cultural geography, especially the schools of Vidal and Sauer. Cultural geography emerged as a secondary interest within geography, despite compelling nineteenth-century input, but is now taking cognizance of an array of social science concepts. A focus on theory, on institutions and other groups, on communication, and on symboling helps both spatial and non-spatial behaviour to be understood as a consequence of group allegiance. The resulting cultural landscape can be interpreted both functionally and symbolically. En vue de redéfinir la culture et de réviser la méthodologie propre à la géographie culturelle, quatre approches sont examinées: les idées ‘superorganistes’ et celles qui s'y rapportent (White), les idées symboliques et les interactionistes (Geertz), les vues institutionnelles et interacionistes (Wagner), et l'interactionisme symbolique et l'écologie humaine (Ericksen). Ces quatre approches sont discutées dans le cadre plus large des relations en-tre les humains et la terre et de l'évolution de la géographie culturelle, particulièrement celui des écoles de Vidal et de Sauer, La géographie culturelle, qui ne présente qu'un intérêt secondaire a l'intérieur de la geographic, en dépit d'une importante contribution à la discipline au dix-neuvième siècle, emprunte maintenant une kyrielle de concepts aux sciences sociales. En insistant sur la théorie, sur les institutions et autres groupes, sur la communication et les symbols, il devient plus facile de comprendre le comportement spatial et non-spatial comme le résultat d'appartenance à un groupe. Le pays-age culturel produit peut être envisagéà la fois dans sa fonctionalité et sa symbolique.