抗钻强度在文物加固保护中的应用

抗钻强度测试是一种极微小破坏性的强度测试方法,特别适合于物保护中加固强度及加固剂渗透深度的测定。通过用有机氟材料对几种不同材质物(石质、砖或陶质、土质)在实验室和现场加固强度及渗透深度的测试,并与抗压强度进行比较,结果表明抗钻强度是一种有效的加固强度表征方法,特别适合于物的现场保护应用。     

改性有机硅在模拟漆底彩绘保护中的应用研究

为探索防止秦兵马俑彩绘的生漆底层和陶体脱落的方法,用设计的几种以有机硅为基体的加固剂将老化生漆片分别黏附到经过预处理的陶表面,从而针对加固剂固化速率、渗透性、铺展性、粘结强度等五方面进行了比较实验。结果表明,加固剂的粘结强度与加固剂本身、加固剂固化温度以及固化后的成膜比例有关;改性有机硅与陶体以及生漆底层均有很好的润湿性,固化工艺合适即能起到很好的粘结效果;配方A3(有机硅、二甲苯、三乙醇胺混合体)具有良好的综合性能,在秦俑彩绘保护中可能有一定的应用前景。     

常见丙烯酸酯乳液加固脆弱考古出土漆膜的实验室研究

以常用的丙烯酸酯乳液AC33、B60A、MC76、SF016作为脆弱考古出土漆膜的加固剂,利用静态热机械分析仪微损、精确的特点,对加固前后漆膜的弯曲强度进行测试。根据漆膜应力应变的提升程度,对4种加固剂的保护效果进行量化评价。结合扫描电镜观察漆膜表面和剖面加固前后的孔洞、裂隙填充情况以及加固剂成膜状态,揭示其加固特点。结果发现,加固后漆膜的应力提高了56%～3 511%,应变提高了103%～3 876%,其中质量分数为20%的AC33增强效果最好,20%的B60A增韧效果最好,MC76和SF016加固效果相对较差。20%是4种加固剂的最佳使用质量浓度,此时漆膜孔洞和裂隙被完全填充,加固剂在漆膜表面形成连续的薄膜且不过量堆积。本研究将静态热机械分析仪用于极端脆弱考古出土漆膜的残余力学强度测试和加固剂保护效果的量化评估,探讨4种典型丙烯酸酯乳液对漆膜机械强度提升的规律特征,获得了较好的结果,将为考古出土糟朽漆器保护修复遴选加固剂提供科学参考。     

非水分散体加固剂固结砂土能力的研究

有机树脂非水分散体是一种新的土体防风化加固材料,对黄土样品和考古遗址都有好的加固效果。为检验这种加固剂对不同土体的加固能力,选择砂土作为被加固材料,用1．5％TD和2％21J加固剂进行加固试验。结果表明这种材料以低的浓度就有好的加固效果,经过加固的砂土样颜色和孔隙率变化小,土样的力学强度得到提高,具有好的耐水耐冻融能力及较好的耐盐能力,证明这种材料可用于砂土质遗址的加固保护。     

福泉山遗址出土象牙器应急保护研究

2010年福泉山遗址出土具重要考古价值的象牙器,腐朽状况十分严重,为了能妥善保存这批珍贵的文物,采用扫描电镜、X衍射、红外光谱、X荧光分析,对其微观形貌、物相、分子结构、元素组成进行分析.分析结果表明,出土象牙器主要成分为碳羟磷灰石,其内部有机成分已完全流失,微观结构中存在的主要多孔道直径因长期受地下各类盐的侵蚀变大,直径范围0.33 ～ 3.6μm.象牙器组成除了Ca,P外,还含有其它多种元素成分.这些元素成分来源于象牙长期地下埋葬环境中各种盐类的侵蚀所致.它干扰羟磷灰石结晶,使其结晶程度降低、晶格稳定性变差.因此,采用B72乙醇/丙酮(1/1,V/V)溶液,对两件象牙权仗、一件象牙权仗柄进行了脱水加固保护,经加固的象牙器强度明显增加,颜色自然.为了对后续出土象牙器的更好保护,研究在B72加固液中复配分子粒径分布较宽的可逆性树脂聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVE),以有利于加固液渗透进入象牙内部细小孔道.经检测复配PVE的B72加固液成膜后透光率、膜强度等性能均无明显变化.     

一种新型有机硅改性的丙烯酸树脂在加固糟朽丝织品中的应用

用加固剂加固保护已经严重糟朽的丝织品是一种延长丝织品寿命的有效方法。用一种新型有机硅改性的丙烯酸树脂SA—6对丝织品进行加固保护,结果表明SA—6在耐老化、耐沾污性、耐霉菌等方面具有优良的特性,不只是对于丝织品的保护,而且在其它类物保护中有望得到广泛应用。     

澄城县出土象牙化石病害机理与加固保护研究

本文利用科学分析手段对澄城县出土象牙化石进行了成分、结构分析和物理参数测定,对其病害机理进行分析研究。筛选了新的特定加固渗透材料,对象牙化石进行了科学保护修复,为象牙化石文物的病害研究和保护修复提供了重要技术参考。     

金沙遗址出土古象牙的现场清理加固保护

成都金沙遗址出土的古象牙,保存现状十分脆弱。出土后由于失水速度加快,象牙会迅速开裂、风化,最终完全粉化。为了能将这批珍贵的象牙完好地保存下来,必须寻找一种简单的方法对象牙进行有效的保护。根据对象牙的成分分析和脱水试验研究,选择用改性的有机硅材料把象牙嵌封保存起来。对材料的保护性能进行研究的结果显示,用这种有机硅材料对出土脆弱古象牙进行嵌封保护,可以减缓象牙的失水速度,隔绝大气环境对脆弱象牙的腐蚀,又不影响直接观看,是一种安全有效的方法。     

周原甲骨的加固保护研究

在大量出土的文物中,骨质类文物占有相当的比例。但长期以来,由于多方面的原因,对骨、角、象牙质文物的保护一直未引起足够的重视,大部分此类文物保护研究见于国外文献,国内有关研究资料甚少。本文在已有资料的基础上,针对周原甲骨特殊的风化原因,通过模拟试验,比较了所选几种加固剂的性能和效果,包括加固剂的可逆性、老化性和加固后样品外观颜色、加固强度等的变化。最后选用3％B72或三甲树脂溶液加固,溶剂为三氯乙烷,或者二甲苯和丙酮的混合溶剂。但由于时间原因,各种加固剂对周原甲骨影响的试验有待进一步的工作。     

潮湿环境下的土遗址加固保护材料筛选试验研究——以福建昙石山遗址为例

长期以来,关于潮湿环境下土遗址加固保护的适用材料问题一直是困扰我国文物保护和考古界的难点,至今尚没有成熟的规范可以参考。福建昙石山遗址作为我国东南沿海地区典型潮湿环境下的土遗址,近年来在遗址本体加固保护过程中,在加固材料的选取上,按照基础成分的不同分别对四类主要加固剂进行施工试验,通过大量的室内和现场局部试验,证明基本成分为长链烷基、烷氧基硅氧烷小分子和主要成分为含有乙氧基团的聚硅酸乙酯混合物以及主要成分为水玻璃和硅氧烷共聚物的加固剂材料加固效果较好,可用于潮湿环境下昙石山遗址的本体加固保护,这对推进我国潮湿环境下土遗址保护工作的全面发展无疑也是一次有益的尝试和探索。     

祖夷羿新解

器又叫亚其器 ,北京、辽宁喀左一带偶有所见。本文根据器徽文的形体特征分析 ,认为它是矢镞形演变、增繁而来的人形 ,是我国古代东方夷人崇拜的箭神、射神夷羿或后羿的神象。     

Woodland Pottery Function,Cooking, and Diet in the Upper Great Lakes of North America

A multidimensional approach to functional analysis was employed to examine pottery use, cooking, and subsistence in pre-European North American contexts. A variety of analytic techniques were applied to ceramic assemblages from two sites on the south shore of Lake Superior: the Middle Woodland Naomikong Point site and the Late Woodland Sand Point site. The analyses of both technical attributes and use-alteration traces suggest that a majority of pottery vessels from these sites were used for cooking throughout the Woodland period. Lipid residue analysis corroborates traditional subsistence information but specifies which foods were cooked in pottery vessels. Vessel size varies according to context rather than by time or by function, with larger vessels associated with ritual areas and smaller vessels originating from domestic spheres, a trend potentially related to feasting behavior. Interior carbonization patterns change in frequency between the Middle and Late Woodland periods, suggesting a shift in cooking and possibly subsistence practices.     

And Now They Are Gone: documenting the last sailing lighter of Nevis,West Indies

The island of Nevis in the eastern Caribbean was until recently home to a unique traditional‐built sailing lighter. The last two working vessels were hauled out for the last time only in 2001. The lighters of Nevis have a rich history and were built without plans, conforming to traditional proportions and practices. One of these vessels was carefully documented by the author in the grounds of the Horatio Nelson Museum in Charlestown before it completely succumbed to the elements. The vessels have since deteriorated and are gone. The maritime legacy of Nevis and the lighters are described. © 2012 The Author     

Compositional study of bronze vessels from the Derveni tombs of central Macedonia of the fourth century bce using energy‐dispersive micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (EDμXRF) spectrometry

The chemical composition of 61 copper alloy vessels was studied non‐invasively by energy‐dispersive micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (EDμXRF) spectrometry. The vessels were found in five tombs (A, B, D, Z and H) at Derveni in central Macedonia, Greece, which belong to the cemetery of the ancient city of Lete. The tombs are dated to the last quarter of the fourth century bce . The opulence of the numerous grave offerings denotes the high social status of the deceased within Macedonian society. The material under study was divided into two main groups according to their appearance and use. The first group included 44 vessels with a golden appearance for use in banquets; the second group consisted of 17 dark vessels for domestic use. The aim of this research was to study the vessels' technology according to their chemical composition. Both golden and dark vessels consisted of a binary Cu‐Sn alloy and a slight amount of impurities (Fe, Ni, Zn, Pb, As, Co, Sb, Ag, Ti). It is probable that during construction the ancient metalsmiths were taking into account criteria such as the desired appearance, cost of metals, future use and physical properties such as resistance to corrosion. Banquet vessels had a consistent chemical composition in all their different parts compared with those for domestic use. The only chemical element used systemically for alloying purposes, except Sn, was Pb in order to improve the castability of the bases and handles of the vessels. The study provides additional information about the metalworking of bronzes in central Macedonia in the fourth century bce, as well as about the access Macedonian metalworkers had at the time to the raw materials for such use.     

EVIDENCE FOR THE MIXING OF FATS AND WAXES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS

Lipid residues from two Late Saxon/early medieval ceramic vessels recovered from excavations at West Cotton, Raunds, Northamptonshire, U.K., have been investigated by high-temperature gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The solvent extracts of sherds sampled from different points on each vessel (i.e., base, body and rim) were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively and compounds were identified which were characteristic of beeswax and animal fat. Furthermore, by determining the sites of accumulation of the specific lipid types and their concentrations in different parts of the vessels it can be inferred that the beeswax was added to the vessels prior to the addition of the fat. It was concluded that the two vessels performed different functions in antiquity.     

TECHNOLOGICAL STUDY OF PTOLEMAIC – EARLY ROMAN FAIENCE FROM MEMPHIS,EGYPT*

Fourteen fragments of faience vessels from the Ptolemaic/Roman period found at the Egyptian site of Memphis, near Cairo, were analysed by SEM. The fragments included high‐relief polychrome vessels, which are first produced in numbers in this period. Analysis allowed the composition and microstructure of the vessels to be assessed and conclusions drawn as to the raw materials of manufacture. Combining this information with archaeological evidence from excavation of the kilns and associated finds, it was possible to reconstruct the production technology of the vessels.     

Change in chemical composition of early Islamic glass excavated in Raya,Sinai Peninsula,Egypt: on-site analyses using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer

The Raya port (eighth to 12th centuries) on the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, was one of the important port cities for the Red Sea trade. We performed on-site analyses of Islamic glass vessels (used in eighth to 11th centuries) mainly from this site in Egypt using a portable XRF spectrometer. The aim of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the chemical compositions of early Islamic glass vessels by comparing their archaeological date and typology. In the early Islamic period, glass objects were mainly produced from natron as the soda source. Among the natron glass analyzed in this study, glass vessels with low titanium and iron and high strontium contents, which were probably produced in the Syria–Palestine region, were excavated in the eighth century layer. From the ninth century layer, a large number of samples with high levels of calcium, titanium and iron, probably produced in Egypt, were found. It should be noted that a large number of glass vessels with this chemical composition were found at the Raya site, because this type of glass was rarely reported from other Islamic sites. We finally concluded that this type of glass seems to be produced under a fixed recipe, although some samples contain a colorant or decolorized materials.     

从铭文看两汉铜器皿的生产经营方式及其变化

汉代铜器皿的生产经营方式多样,且变化明显。大致可分为三个阶段:西汉早期,国家的经济政策较为宽松,铜器生产较为自由,制作机构既有中央和地方政府控制的各级工官,也有地方诸侯和富商,产品得以自由买卖;西汉中晚期,由于对地方诸侯和私人工商业实行打击和限制政策,铜器的生产经营方式发生变化,地方诸侯和富商基本退出铜器的生产领域,铜器的制造由政府专控;东汉早期,随着政策的放宽,铜器由政府专控的局面开始松动,私人作坊造作的铜器出现,至东汉中晚期政府各级工官基本退出铜器生产领域,铜器的制作为私营或工官监制私人承制的形式。     

First discovery of ancient soft‐stone (chlorite) vessel production in Arabia: Aqir al‐Shamoos (Oman)

Soft‐stone vessels are a prominent feature of ancient culture throughout south‐east Arabia and the Gulf. Chlorite and steatite occur naturally in the al‐Hajar Mountains of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman; but until now, apart from the discovery of a few unfinished pieces, ancient production of soft‐stone vessels had yet to be documented in Arabia. This paper reports the discovery and preliminary analysis of soft‐stone vessel production at the site of Aqir al‐Shamoos. At this small and secluded mountain village, a range of soft‐stone vessels that are well known in the south‐east Arabian Iron Age were produced on a scale far beyond what was needed for local consumption.     

Material evidence for the use of Attic white-ground lekythoi ceramics in cremation burials

White-ground lekythoi ceramics offer important evidence for funeral practices in Ancient Greece (5th century BC). The images painted-on these oil containers provide the best visual narrative for the events surrounding death, including indications that the vessels themselves were used as part of the funerary rites. However, until now, their specific function and treatment within the funeral ceremony was not well understood. We present here material evidence that the vessels were ritually burned, together with the body of the deceased, during cremation, as evidenced by a diffuse purplish-red discolouration found on many white-ground lekythoi. Through EPMA and μXAS studies, we show that: (1) this characteristic purplish-red discolouration is due to the presence of metallic copper nano-particles embedded in a glassy layer; (2) this metal-glass matrix formed as the result of a high temperature reaction between painted-on Cu-based pigments (e.g., Egyptian blue) and the white-ground ceramic slip; and (3) the reaction occurred under a reducing environment. Given the mortuary context for these vessels, we propose the reduction firing to which the vessels were exposed was that associated with the cremation of the body. The observation of discontinuous formation of the purplish-red discolouration along adjoining fragments supports the hypothesis that the vessels were broken prior to being burned. The majority of lekythoi in museum collections lack information on their original archaeological context, and our data suggest the presence of this purplish-red discolouration may serve as a visual marker for cremation. As such, it is expected our findings will provide a new basis for interpreting how this important class of ceramic, and associated iconographic imagery, relates to Athenian funerary practices and the ancient Greek notion of death.