有关吴国国君在位年代问题

春秋后期,处于长江下游的吴国,曾赫赫一时,然史籍记载其国君错乱乖误之处颇多,今就在位年代,缕述如下,以供参考.一、余祭和余眛的在位年代.据《史记·吴太伯世家》的记载,吴王余祭(一作“戴吴”、“句余”)自鲁襄公二十六年(前547年)至昭公十一年(前531年)在位17年;吴王余眛(一作“余昧”、“夷末”、“夷眛”)自鲁昭公十二年(前530年)至鲁昭公十五年(前527年)在位4年,《中国历史纪年》即以此为依据编辑该二国君纪年,其后《中国历史年表》和《中国历史纪年表》均因袭之.《中国历史大事年表》(古代部分)于公元前531年条下书作“吴王余祭死,在位17年”,注中说:“《春秋》谓余祭于公元前544年被阍所杀.此据《史记·吴太伯世家》.“又于公元前     

毛泽东情系海军

毛泽东一生融会大海,伟人一身与水相伴。他自解:泽东就是光泽大海,我自欲为江海客。伟人毛泽东一生中,很少出国,也没有真正涉足海洋深处,但他热爱大海,理解和关注大海,激情澎湃的心潮随同大海的波涛一道起伏。毛泽东萦怀海洋,心系海军,毕生关注着海军的发展进程。当全国战场还在硝烟弥漫之时,在太行山麓的西柏坡,毛泽东已把战略视野转移向海洋了有中国人民自己的海军,是毛泽东期盼已久的。作为政治家、战略家,熟知中国历史的毛泽东,深深懂得有一支强大海军,对中华民族多么重要。1949年1月8日,毛泽东起草的《目前形势和党在1949年的任务》中…     

郑和下西洋和21世纪中国海军的远洋发展

15世纪初,中国伟大的航海家、中国海军的先驱者郑和,率领庞大的船队和2万多海军官兵,历时28年,七下西洋。郑和下西洋,不仅创造了世界航海史上的奇迹,更是开辟了中国海军乃至世界海军走向远洋的先河。战略海域运用的近和远,是衡量一国海军实力强弱的重要标志。21世纪是海洋世纪,在新的历史条件下,中国海军也正面临从混水走向蓝水、从近海走向远洋的新的战略性转折。今天,我们回首郑和下西洋的伟大实践,更感到其意义重大,具有震撼性的历史穿透力。     

台湾最古老的妈祖庙：澎湖天后宫

澎湖马公镇上的天后宫,可说是全台湾最古老的妈祖庙,也是全台湾历史最悠久的古迹。据考,该庙建于明万历二十年(公元1592年)。万历三十一年(公元1603年),荷兰海军将领韦麻郎率舰侵入澎湖,在马公岛登陆,占领妈祖宫。当时福建金门守将沈有容率部赶来,谕荷人退出。这是中国政府第一次在国际上表明澎湖(和台湾)是中国神圣领土,不容侵犯。     

略论清政府创建近代海军的动机

前些时候,史学界有人提出中国古代不存在海军,只是到近代才开始有了海军。我因不同意这一看法,所以特地使用了“近代海军”一词,专指中国近代仿效西方所创建的新式海军,以与中国古代海军(老式海军)相区别。     

平顺古寨·古城堡拾零

<正>平顺在上党地区是建治最晚的一个县份,明嘉靖八年(1529)之前,分属于潞城、壶关、黎城三县,地处上党盆地边缘。在中国古代战争史上,战略地位极为重要,发生在上党的古战事大都曾征战厮杀于此,留下了许多血雨腥风、激越悲壮的历史印记。爆发于明正德十     

从郑和下西洋看当代海军的和平运用

15世纪初,中国伟大航海家郑和利用当时所处的和平环境,充分利用海军的特殊功能,率领庞大船队和2万多名海军官兵,历时28年七下西洋,不仅创造了世界航海史上的奇迹,也为中华明的发扬光大傲出了杰出贡献。郑和利用海洋的通贡性,发挥海军的特殊功能所取得的伟大成功,对今天海军发挥和平时期的战略运用,有效地维护国家的海洋利益,具有重要的历史意义和深远的现实意义。     

论李鸿章海军发展战略

19世纪70年代,晚清政府揭开了筹建近代海军的历史巨幕.李鸿章作为其倡导者、组织者、领导者,进行了卓有成效的艰苦工作,不仅促使中国近代海军得以迅速建成,而且还从理论上对近代海军的发展目标、发展规模、发展措施等问题作了系统阐述,形成了极具特色的近代海军发展战略.但由于李鸿章海军发展战略思想自身的矛盾性、狭隘性和被动性,决定了其必然失败的命运.     

我军历史上最早的水兵连

1949年4月23日,伴随着国民党军队的节节败退,中国人民解放军华东军区海军在长江岸边宣告诞生。人民海军的成立,标志着中国百余年来屡遭帝国主义从海上‘入侵历史的终结。然而,很少有人知道,1935年组建于四川旺苍县的红军水兵连是我军历史上成建制的第一支水上武装力量,这支水军为强渡嘉陵江,策应中央红军北上发挥了重要作用。     

海军重生

甲午一战,北洋海军全军覆没,大清帝国似乎没有近代海军了,中国的海军建设和发展也似乎停滞了。但事实并非如此。自1895年4月《马关条约》签订,至1911年10月10日卒亥革命爆发,16年半的时间中,清政府外购大小军舰共计43艘,并且在海军近代化方面,取得了突破性的进展。甲午既是北洋海军的终结,也是大清重建海军的开端。     

A Fall from Grace? National Unity and the Search for Naval Power and Colonial Possessions 1848--1884

Traditionally, German naval and colonial agitation has beendiscussed as a late nineteenth-century development that signaledthe cooption of many German liberals to a conservative policyof imperialism. This has been posited by many historians asantithetical to the true nature and objectives of politicalliberalism. Those few commentators that have noted the navaland colonial agitation of liberals during the early and mid-nineteenthcentury have argued that there was a period in which these imperialistpressures were subdued, when their end was heralded by the failureof the nationalist movements of 1848/49 to consolidate theirnation-building project. Through an investigation of the FrankfurtNational Assembly and the National Association of the 1860sit becomes apparent, however, that German liberal imperialismdid not represent the distasteful invention of a somehow corruptedliberalism of the 1880s, nor did it cease to be a leitmotivwithin liberal circles after 1849. Rather, German liberals,enamoured with the model of Britain as a global trading powerand concerned with the economic repercussions of undirectedemigration, had continuously argued for a German imperialistcapacity throughout the nineteenth century as an integral partof any attempt to build a trading nation that could competeinternationally.     

Managing Munificence

The navy of Athens during the democratic period (ca. 480-322 BCE) was largely financed and managed by wealthy citizens who undertook a public service, or liturgy, to maintain a warship for a year. With reference to a model of decisions made by the citizens eligible to undertake the liturgy, the author argues that the successive reforms to the institution were designed in ways and introduced at times to preserve its potential both to raise revenue and to remain popular. The first and second reforms performed these tasks by increasing the incentives for the citizens most willing to spend their money to undertake the liturgy; the third did so by reducing free riding.     

文明视角下幕末维新期日本列岛的空间整合与海军建设

文化与传统对接而文明与未来对接的逻辑范式,似乎决定了每个民族都周期性呈现出文明进展便是对传统文化的迫害。但这种认定忽视了一个应有的前提,即传统文化底蕴深厚的国度在文明进程中,文化与文明的合力往往会创造出更先进的文明。仅就日本情况而言,在幕末维新期,文明冲突所带来的震撼力起到了不可忽视的作用,亦即那一时段的文明进程带有被动性特点。因此被动地思考如何调整外部的"东亚"空间、再思考怎样整合内部松散的"幕藩体制",是时代赋予思想家们的任务。作为承担固守本土任务的海军,在体味西洋文明的过程中,开始了近代化建设过程。     

From Battleship to Breakwater: post‐military adaptive reuse of the Australian warship Protector

The light cruiser Protector, built 1884, served as an Australian naval asset for 40 years. Decommissioned from the Royal Australian Navy in 1924, it was subsequently converted into a lighter. The vessel re‐entered military service during the Second World War, but was involved in a collision, condemned, and ultimately installed as a breakwater on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. While much of Protector's military career is well documented, little is known of its conversion and adaptation to civilian roles. What follows is a discussion of efforts to archaeologically document Protector's surviving hull and identify signatures of adaptive reuse indicative of its post‐military career.     

The Chevert: A History

The Chevert was built for Napoleon III's navy between 1850 and 1863. It served as a transport to supply French colonies in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its service was primarily in peacetime, never entering into battle. It entered the private merchant service in the early 1870s and in 1875 served William Macleay's scientific expedition to New Guinea, which became known as the Chevert Expedition. It subsequently re-entered the merchant service before being wrecked in a cyclone in 1880. Not yet lost to history, it served as an office and impromptu fortress in Vanuatu: firstly for the English and then for the French. Its final resting place was Port Sandwich, Malekula, Vanuatu. For a relatively small transport ship it attracted many more headlines than its weight might predict.     

Athenian owls and the royal Macedonian monopoly on timber

The aim of this article is to show that the reason for large numbers of Athenian tetradrachms being part of hoards buried in southern and south-eastern Asia Minor, mainly Cilicia, is related to the supply of timber for the Athenian fleet. From the reign of Perdikkas II to the beginning of the Hellenistic period, Athens was only able to import timber from Macedonia for a very limited number of years and so Macedonia could not be Athens's regular timber supplier.     

Politicians,Merchants, and Colonial Maritime War: The Political and Economic Background of the American Act of 1708

During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–13), there were attempts to support colonial maritime war by legislation, and the American Act of 1708 can be seen as their culmination. Historians who study privateering or colonial history have referred to this act in several contexts, such as reform in prize administration, naval impressment in American colonies, and Spanish‐American trade. However, the political and economic interests behind this act have not been fully investigated. By examining the process of the enactment of the American Act together with antecedent attempts to promote colonial maritime war in parliament, this article reveals the political and vested interests involved in the act, the relations between them, and the influence they had on the content of the act. This analysis will show the complex interaction between politics, trade, and colonial maritime war in the early‐18th‐century American colonies.     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.