西方国家城市人口迁居研究进展综述

西方国家城市人口迁居研究可以分为三个阶段。60年代中以前,从人类生态的角度出发,研究人的社会地位、家庭状况、经济收入对人口迁居的影响。60年代中至70年代中,从数量分析、行为分析的角度出发,研究迁居的空间特征、数量模式、迁居行为、住房链。70年代中至现在,从社会结构深层角度来研究迁居,并对绅士化现象作了全面研究。     

西方城市绅士化理论纷争及启示

西方城市绅士化研究自20世纪60年代出现以来,历经近半个世纪,已经形成相对完整的学术流派和理论体系。其中最具代表性的要数NeilSmith从政治经济学角度提出的"地租落差"理论,强调内城区绅士化住宅的供给和生产,以及DavidLey从后工业社会城市转型角度强调绅士化群体的文化需求和住宅消费。不同理论学派在绅士化成因等问题上存在不同的理解与争议,了解西方主流绅士化理论流派,以及探讨绅士化概念与理论演进的脉络、特征和趋向,有助于更好地开展中国城市绅士化研究。     

转型期大城市多类绅士化现象探讨——基于广州市六个社区的案例分析

随着城市发展机制的不断复杂化,各种不同类型的绅士化现象亦不断涌现,并表现出新的空间特征与社会影响。文章对传统绅士化、新建绅士化、乡村绅士化、学生绅士化四种类型绅士化现象的起源、概念及社会影响进行了引介与综述。本文基于广州发生绅士化的六个社区的调研数据,对上述四类绅士化进行分析探讨。研究发现,广州的多类绅士化现象与西方基本类似,但也表现出内在的特征及差异性,体现了中国城市发展模式和机制的特殊性。     

北京市低收入社区社会融合的多维度测度与影响因素分析

在快速城市化的背景下,城市低收入社区群体的社会融入问题逐渐成为城市包容性发展的桎梏。基于北京市典型低收入社区的实地调查数据,本文运用探索性因子分析对城市低收入社区群体社会融合结构和现状进行探讨,并对影响城市低收入社区群体的社会融合状况进行实证分析。研究发现调查城市低收入社区群体的社会融合主要受到心理融合、经济融合、环境融合、社区关系融合4个维度影响,社区关系融合、环境融合、经济融合和心理融合程度表现出依次降低的倾向,且居民的社会融合总体水平偏低。从影响因素来看,低收入社区群体的社会融合主要受个体因素、家庭因素、就业因素和住房因素的影响,不同维度社会融合程度的影响因素也有所差异。     

中国绅士化研究的本土实践：特征、议题与展望

针对新世纪以来我国绅士化实证研究文献,系统回顾与整理其特征与议题,有以下发现：①我国绅士化实证研究逐渐被关注并重视,案例地区主要聚焦长三角和珠三角地区,并扩展到东北及西部重要省会城市和旅游景区等;研究机构则主要集中在南京、广州、上海、北京等主要中心城市;②研究内容涉及多类绅士化现象、绅士化与公共政策、绅士化群体与文化驱动、绅士化与多种城市现象、绅士化的公平正义与社会影响以及教育驱动的绅士化等六大议题;③在与国际接轨的同时,研究注重与中国语境和特殊制度及城市现象的结合,逐渐形成“本土化”特色,但仍存在“有广度,轻深度”的问题。随着我国学界对绅士化议题关注热度逐渐升温,期望中国绅士化研究能瞄准国际前沿与国内需求,构建属于中国语境的理论框架与话语体系。     

深圳市民迁居特征的时空分析

城市发展初期,大量域外劳动力迁入城市,促使城市地域迅速扩张。但当城市发展到一定阶段以后,城市人口的机械增长下降为次要因素,而城市地域内部的人口迁居成为影响城市发展以及内部空间结构变化的主导因素。本文以深圳市民问卷调查所得第一手资料为基础,通过对市民迁移性、迁居空间类型、迁居原因等的时空间分析,得到深圳市民迁居的时空间特征,并指出未来深圳市民迁居的空间趋势,以为城市内部空间结构调整提供参考。     

美国内城街区的绅士化运动与城市空间的重构

在20世纪郊区化大潮中,60年代末以来美国内城街区出现了绅士化运动和某种复兴迹象。推动绅士化运动产生的原因包括内城街区的衰败、“地租缺额”的产生、城市规划理念的转变、城市功能的变化、美国人口和家庭结构的变化以及人们生活方式和消费观念的变化等。绅士化运动导致了美国城市空间结构乃至整个大都市区空间结构的变化,对于阻止中心城市的进一步衰落发挥了积极作用。     

国内外旅游绅士化研究综述与展望

随着旅游发展与城市化进程的不断加快,旅游驱动下的绅士化现象日益显现,并受到国内外学者的关注。旅游绅士化现象不仅发生在城市区域,近年来旅游发展也推动了乡村地区的绅士化。旅游绅士化改变了特定区域社会结构、居民素养以及人居环境等,也改变了旅游发展格局,进而影响区域社会经济发展。从研究内容来看,国外相关研究主要聚焦在旅游绅士化的原因、过程和影响等领域,而国内研究主要集中在旅游绅士化的概念、类型、阶段、原因等方面。国内外已有研究较多关注旅游绅士化现象,研究方法较为单一,在旅游绅士化形成机理、旅游影响等方面缺乏深入系统的综合研究。通过丰富研究内容、完善研究方法、拓宽研究视角、夯实理论基础来构建研究体系是未来深化旅游绅士化研究的重要目标。     

过滤理论的起源、概念及研究进展

过滤是住房的生命周期与家庭的生命周期之间相互作用的产物,包括两大支流:以建立经济理论和模型为代表的关注住房的过滤研究、有关居民迁居的强调家庭的过滤研究。过滤理论的地理学视角可以追溯到霍伊特(Hoyt)的扇形模型,提供了关于居民迁居和城市社会空间结构之关系的解释。过滤理论意义主要有:为低收入群体提供合适住房、解释城市微观和宏观空间变化、分析和解释与住房市场有关的社会问题。过滤理论是中国城市转型研究的新视角。     

广州旧城区传统绅士化现象及其机制研究——以荔湾区逢源街道耀华社区为例

本文在对国外传统绅士化概念的内涵与机制进行梳理的基础上,以广州荔湾区逢源街道耀华社区为例探讨了市场转型期中国大城市传统绅士化运动的特征与机制。通过对绅士化特征的分析,本文指出广州作为转型期的中国大城市存在着渐进的自下而上的传统绅士化过程,并具有以下特征:以外来工商人员为主流"绅士",社区人口置换过程缓慢,政府主导社区的景观环境改造。其中,广州市政府的"退二进三"政策及旧城区的商业发展而非文化因素成为传统绅士化的主要动力,破碎的产权结构则是绅士化进程的主要障碍。     

城市中产阶层化研究进展回顾及未来展望

本文在回顾中西方中产阶层化的基础上,总结归纳中产阶层化的基本特征,强调中产阶层化具有周期性及时空性,从古典经济学角度、城市文化以及全球化角度对中产阶层化的理论流派进行研究,分析得出中产阶层化的主要研究内容包括:对中产阶层化的界定、中产阶层化的形成机理、过程、影响以及政府作用的研究,对中国中产阶层化研究未来进行展望,率先明确中国存在中产阶层化时空共轭性;中产阶层第一波普遍性等假设,并指出第二波的中国中产阶层化只有可能发生在某些特大城市中;在中国中产阶层化过程中,要正确处理好原住居民的动迁问题及后续的空间隔离问题。     

中产阶层化过程中的女性社会空间建构研究

20世纪60年代以来,中产阶层化现象逐渐得到学术界的关注。随着女性主义研究和社会运动的兴起,基于女性主义视角的中产阶层化研究日益得到众多地理学者的注意。本文希望将建构主义理论与女性主义地理学研究相结合,将之纳入一般化中产阶层化研究框架之内,继而构建女性主义视角的中产阶层化研究理论构架,以便进一步补充、完善一般中产阶层化理论体系。     

Bittersweet ambivalence: Austin’s street artists speak of gentrification

Both gentrification and street art are concerned with the conquest of urban space. Although historically, graffiti and street art have functioned to challenge the status quo, a growing appreciation for urban art unveils a far more collaborative attitude between some street artists and the elite. A familiar esthetic of gentrified terrains involves repurposing spaces that capture the urban experience. In some cities, urban redevelopment preserves original materials that capture that “urban feel” by highlighting exposed brick structures, rustic furnishings, industrial lofts, and urban art. In other cities, these styles are recreated consciously. This paper draws from in-depth interviews with street artists from Austin, Texas, one of the fastest growing urban landscapes in the U.S., to discuss street artists’ attitudes towards gentrification. Its examination of stories and personal narratives about gentrification shows the complexities of rapid urban expansion as perceived by Austin street artists, and concludes that street artists remain ambivalent towards gentrification. While street artists experience some negative effects resulting from gentrification, urban redevelopment also has another clear benefit for them: an expansion of their urban canvas. The growth of city space extends street artists’ creative playground, which advances the artists’ opportunities for paid work and exposure.     

The Post‐Industrial “Shop Floor”: Emerging Forms of Gentrification in San Francisco's Innovation Economy

The San Francisco Bay Area in California is undergoing a technology‐driven wave of growth arguably more thoroughgoing than the first “dot‐com” bubble, fueling hypertrophic gentrification and tales of a deeply class‐divided, “Blade Runner kind of society”. While Silicon Valley is still the industry's employment center, San Francisco is seeing faster tech firm growth, and is transforming its downtown to become more “livable” and promoting public space as key to innovation. In this context, this paper offers a reading of urban public space not just as a consumption amenity but also as the “shop floor” of a labor process that goes beyond the walls of the firm to mobilize the social itself in the production of privately appropriated value. With innovation now the watchword of gentrification, the stakes of this shift oscillate between the total commodification of urban vitality and the recognition of the social process of value production itself.     

边缘化新白领的中产阶层化研究:内容、理论构架与未来

随着国际金融海啸后社会经济矛盾的地理大转移,广大新兴市场化国家内城市新白领阶层的社会经济生境边缘化趋势不可避免。边缘化的新白领必然导致其中产阶层化历程的异化,与常规的中产阶层化特征、机制与社会空间后果相异。本文将新白领及其边缘化中产阶层化机理纳入中产阶层化一般化研究之内,继而构建新白领中产阶层化研究理论构架,以便进一步补充、完善一般中产阶层化理论体系。最终,希望为"十二五"以来面临新转型的中国大城市内城再城市化、更新和转型提供一些发展引导思路。     

Heritage and rural gentrification in Spain: the case of Santiago Millas

Although gentrification has been mostly understood as an urban phenomenon, the permanent establishment of urban dwellers in rural areas is becoming a widespread trend across the world. Despite its relevance to postindustrial societies, rural gentrification has been largely overlooked by heritage scholars, and has been explored very little in the context of Spain. In this article, I examine the relationship between heritage and rural gentrification through the case study of Santiago Millas, a village located in the Maragatería region of Spain. Based on long-term ethnographic engagement with different actors (newcomers, local residents, and public officials), I examine a specific instance of the globalizing phenomenon of rural gentrification, highlighting the key role heritage plays in this phenomenon, including (1) the impact on local governmentalities based on heritage discourse; (2) the refurbishing of houses and changes in the social spaces of villages; and (3) the transformation of social life and rituals into metacultural discourses of heritage. I emphasize the urgency to carry out more research in order to improve our understanding of the complex and multifaceted phenomenon of rural gentrification from a heritage perspective.     

Municipally managed gentrification in South Parkdale, Toronto

Earlier studies of Canadian inner-city gentrification, especially in Toronto, project an image of the process as being emancipatory: a middle-class reaction to the oppressive conformity of suburbia, modernist planning and market principles. This paper, a case study of gentrification in South Parkdale, Toronto, questions this image by illustrating the role of local context in theory and policy and the consequences of gentrification for vulnerable inner-city populations. Once a desirable residential neighbourhood, South Parkdale experienced disinvestment following the construction of the Gardiner Expressway in the 1960s and also experienced further problems in the 1970s and 1980s following the deinstitution-alisation of psychiatric patients from adjacent hospitals. Discharged patients suffered from a shortage of affordable housing options, and many ended up in substandard rooming houses and bachelorettes, of which South Parkdale has a disproportionate share in Toronto. The neighbourhood's sporadic gentrification since the mid-1980s has intensified in recent years, as the City of Toronto is regularising and licensing the neighbourhood's low-income housing—a major concern for tenants who fear that landlords will use recent provincial legislation on tenancy to attract wealthier residents into their improved buildings. This paper examines this situation with qualitative evidence and argues that gentrification in South Parkdale, driven and managed by neoliberal policy, is far from an emancipatory process and argues for an interpretation of gentrification that looks beyond the experiences of the middle classes.     

Hygienisation,Gentrification, and Urban Displacement in Brazil

This article engages recent debates over gentrification and urban displacement in the global South. While researchers increasingly suggest that gentrification is becoming widespread in “Southern” cities, others argue that such analyses overlook important differences in empirical context and privilege EuroAmerican theoretical frameworks. To respond to this debate, in this article, we outline the concept of higienização (hygienisation), arguing that it captures important contextual factors missed by gentrification. Hygienisation is a Brazilian term that describes a particular form of urban displacement, and is directly informed by legacies of colonialism, racial and class stigma, informality, and state violence. Our objective is to show how “Southern” concepts like hygienisation help urban researchers gain better insight into processes of urban displacement, while also responding to recent calls to decentre and provincialise urban theory.     

中国大城市新建中产阶层化现象的供给端解析

中产阶层化是一个多元、复杂、变化的社会空间重构现象。作为我国大城市中产阶层化的主流模态,新建中产阶层化是由政府和资本力量主导,通过拆建实现的社区建成环境改善和社会结构跃升现象。以南京内城为例,分别从政府经营城市、资本循环增值和资源非均衡配置逻辑解读新建中产阶层化的驱动机理,进而从城市空间嬗变、社会阶层分化和被置换群体利益剥夺等方面探讨新建中产阶层化的多重效应,随后在分析中产阶层化模式将由“拆建型”向“侵替型”演进的趋势下,提出未来中产阶层化研究应更多强调供给与需求等多视角的互补与融合,构建符合中国特色的中产阶层化理论模型,并引导中产阶层化社会空间实践走向更加公平与可持续。