二战后美国对日本的粮食战略及其影响

二战后,日本经济凋零,粮食短缺问题严重,国民生计惨淡,社会矛盾丛生。为了解决这些问题,美国占领当局分别从外部和内部开展粮食援助和粮食强征。这一系列政策在实现美国自身的经济需求与政治目的的同时,也确实对日本的农业与社会步入正常化发挥了重要作用,为之后日本的经济腾飞奠定了坚实基础。战后初期的粮食政策连同日本经济复苏后美国长期实施的粮食倾销,共同构成了二战后美国对日粮食战略的主要内容。美国的粮食战略缓解了战后初期日本严重的粮食危机,部分解决了美国国内的粮食过剩问题,改变了日本人的饮食结构与饮食习惯,挤压了该国粮食的生存能力和发展空间,影响了日本的粮食安全乃至政治、经济主权与独立发展进程,也加剧了美日间的贸易摩擦。     

America and Japan in the World Arena

Book reviewed in this article:
Walter LaFeber, The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations     

日俄战争后日俄美的东北亚政策

2005年作为日俄建交150周年的纪念,在日俄关系及东北亚国际关系中都将具有重要意义。同样,重新研究一百年前的日俄战争结束后东北亚地区主要国际势力的对策,对于认清国际外交舞台上瞬息骤变的政治风云,及各国纵横捭阖以采取符合本国利益的积极对策是有一定借鉴意义的。本文即对日、俄、美三个对东北亚地区有重要影响的国家在日俄战争后的外交对策进行了简要的论述。     

Before Australia: Historicising Russian Migration via China after World War II

In 1945, tens of thousands of Russian and Russian-speaking Jewish refugees were in China. Many had come decades earlier, following the Bolshevik revolution, the rout of anti-Bolshevik armies in 1919–20 and the White Russian defeat in Siberia in 1922. At war’s end, they became part of the large cohort of European refugees in the Far East, displaced by National Socialism and then by Communism, who urgently sought resettlement in the West. A significant number eventually came to Australia in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Yet, Russian migration to Australia via the China route is poorly understood in the historiography. This article examines Russian migration to China in the first half of the twentieth century, and their departure from China in the late 1940s and 1950s. Their trajectory was complicated first by events in China, and second, by their encounters with the international refugee agencies created by the Allies to assist those displaced by the war.     

Wages of War: Manufacturing Nationalism During World War II

Abstract: During World War II the state created a new and deeper set of relationships with defense contractors. These contractors manufactured the vast majority of war materials and relied extensively on the state for financing. These same contractors also encouraged workers and civilians to understand their every minute action as contributing to the war effort. In order to fully integrate workers’ and civilians’ lives into the war effort, the state and industry created and distributed a war wage—a sense of contribution, national belonging, and sacrifice. In this paper I analyze the wartime records of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in order to understand how the state and industry created the war wage alongside the military–industrial complex. With the help of the war wage, the state and industry radically expanded the production of war materials and enlisted a more compliant population of workers and civilians into the war effort.