Background on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework

This article provides an overview of the structure and evolution of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework and a short introduction to its use by scholars to analyze a diversity of puzzles. It then addresses the relationship of IAD to a more complex framework for the analysis of social‐ecological systems and concludes with a short discussion of future challenges facing IAD scholars.     

The Institutional Collective Action Framework

Institutional collective action (ICA) dilemmas arise from the division or partitioning of authority in which decisions by one government in one or more specific functional area impacts other governments and/or other functions. The focus on externalities of choice in fragmented systems integrates multiple research traditions into a conceptual system to understand and investigate collective dilemmas ubiquitous in contemporary governance arrangements. The mechanisms for mitigating ICA dilemmas are classified according to their scope and enforcement. Incentives to participate in a mechanism are hypothesized to favor mechanisms that provide the greatest gain for the least cost under different conditions of collaboration risk as determined by the nature of the underlying ICA problem, the compositions of affected jurisdictions, and institutional contexts. After reviewing empirical applications of the framework, an agenda to advance the theoretical and empirical development of the ICA approach is advanced.     

Governing Institutional Complexity: The Ecology of Games Framework

This paper provides an overview of our adaptation of Norton Long's concept of the “ecology of games” into a theoretical framework for analyzing institutional complexity. I discuss the basic concepts of the framework, discuss hypotheses related to fundamental questions in governance and policy, and outline some basic analytical approaches. The conclusion assesses the future prospects of the ecology of games framework, including future research needs for theoretical and empirical development.     

The Promise of Patronage: Adapting and Adopting Neoliberal Development

Abstract:  Much of the literature on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and development suggests that a top-down process is underway which leads to the dispersal of neoliberal ideals. Drawing on 2 years of ethnographic research in Rajasthan, India, this paper examines how a poverty alleviation project "fits" into competitive  and  co-operative socio-economic relations already operating on the ground. It argues that in contradiction to neoliberal notions of empowerment espoused by project policies, both NGOs and their constituents have an interest in establishing and maintaining patronage networks that stabilize relationships of dependency. The paper concludes that neoliberal development projects serve to enable patron–client relationships between NGOs and villagers, and enroll the state in the continuing provision of benefits beyond those planned by the project.     

An Institutional Analysis of Property Development,Good Governance and Urban Sustainability

It can be argued that creating a reputation for sustainable development for the benefit of a competitive advantage resonates with institutional theory. In principle, this opens up the possibility to relate a given sustainability agenda with theoretical frameworks based on old institutional economics (OIE) and/or new institutional economics. This is particularly true in arenas where qualitative factors cause a discontinuous change from the previous structure, such as amid urban regeneration. Using empirical evidence from three very different European cities, Budapest, Amsterdam and Trondheim, it is shown that OIE has plenty to offer for a “patchy” and evolving problem area such as the analysis of planning and property development in an urban setting. The position taken here is that good community governance needs the support of the private sector too. Smart policies, regulations and especially incentives set at the local and regional levels are an imperative to meet the sustainability goals set out in the Rio-1992 agenda. This international comparison attempts to provide some guiding answers to the empirical question as to how sustainable the three cases of country- and city-specific governance are in terms of their property development.     

The Locke Essay: Achievement and Promise

Abstract

Strauss's essay on Locke is devoted to Locke's early lectures on the law of nature, a text unpublished when he initially wrote on Locke in Natural Right and History. One purpose of his essay was to show that the Locke text did not contradict the position on the law of nature that Strauss had earlier attributed to him. Strauss also used the essay as an opportunity to further his own reflections on traditional natural law doctrine.     

论中国发展道路和发展模式中的制度安排

自20世纪七八十年代以来,国际学术界就开始寻找决定一个国家发展并富强起来的原因,其中制度安排的解释最为流行。中国的改革发生在社会主义条件下,是社会主义制度的自我完善,因此,中国的发展自然也离不开制度的安排。中国特色社会主义制度不但有利于统筹协调各方面的利益,而且能够有效地整合社会资源,集中力量办大事。正是有了这样的制度安排,才使我国的各项事业取得了举世瞩目的发展成就。     

京瓷公司阿米巴经营的制度经济学分析

在京瓷公司成立5年后的1964年,为了保持公司的发展活力,稻盛和夫独创阿米巴经营方式——在生产过程中,把整个组织分成许多独立核算的小组。这种经营方式对京瓷公司的发展壮大产生了极为重要的影响。从制度经济学的视角看,作为一种制度,阿米巴经营在京瓷公司取得成功,关键在于它恰当安排了自利的动力机制和权威命令的动力机制,以及京瓷公司良好的制度环境。阿米巴经营在成功追求利他目标的同时,本身也有一定的局限性。     

The Influence of Masonry Infill Walls in the Framework of the Performance-Based Design

In this article, a performance-based seismic design (PBD) methodology is proposed for the design of reinforced concrete buildings, taking into account the influence of infill walls. Two variants of the PBD framework are examined: The first is based on the non-linear static analysis procedure (NSP) while the second relies on the non-linear dynamic analysis procedure (NDP). Both design approaches are compared in the context of structural optimization with reference to the best possible design achieved for each case examined. Life-cycle cost analysis is considered a reliable tool for assessing the performance of structural systems and it is employed in this study for assessing the optimum designs obtained. The optimization part of the problem is performed with an Evolutionary Algorithm while three performance objectives are implemented in all formulations of the design procedures. The two most important findings can be summarized as follows: (i) if structural realization follows the design assumptions, then total expected life-cycle cost of the three type of structures, bare, fully infilled and open ground story, is almost the same and (ii) if an open ground story building is designed as bare or as fully infilled frame, real performance will be much worse than anticipated at the design stage.     

The Promise and Threat of America in Australian Politics

From early days the United States has had a curious and very entertaining career in Australia as a kind of storehouse of ideas to be raided, a powerfully justifying precedent to be invoked or a dreadful example with which to shame the thoughtless. (Cited in Churchward 1979, p. xxv)     

In and Out of the Classroom: The Promise of Material Culture

Amish women have contributed to the preservation of their sect's material culture by making distinctive quilts. Their quilts created from 1870 to 1935 epitomize the uniqueness of the Amish lifestyle and can be distinguished from the body of American patchwork quilts of the same time period. While Amish quilts may be distinguished from other quilts by the use of solid colors, dark material and unique patterns, regional differences between Amish quilts are also apparent. The quilts of the Amish communities of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and Holmes County, Ohio have characteristics that define them as Amish, but also as unique to each region. Pennsylvania quilts are distinguished by a square shape, central design, wide borders and intricate quilting stitches. Ohio quilts show greater use of color, repeated patterns and rectangular shapes. Major variations in Amish quilts developed between geographic areas rather than over time.     

Corporations,Government and Development: The Case of Institutional Corruption in Tasmania

The proliferation of studies into corruption over the past decade has highlighted its widely differing manifestations and causes. This article applies the notion of institutional corruption to the case study of the Lennon government's approval of the Gunns pulp mill in Tasmania. A multidisciplinary framework is developed to explain why the approval process became embroiled in widespread allegations of commercial favouritism. It is argued that the institutional corruption involved in this process was an outcome of the interaction of the political economy of Tasmania, its political culture and the political psychology of Paul Lennon as leader. The implications of such a multidisciplinary approach for a study of corruption are discussed.     

The Study of Local Public Economies: Multi‐organizational,Multi‐level Institutional Analysis and Development

One important extension of the IAD framework has been to the study of local public economies. These are multi‐organizational, multi‐level arrangements defined as the set of governmental jurisdictions, public and nonprofit agencies, and private firms that interact in various patterns to provide and produce public goods and services within a specific locality or region. Commonly, the localities or regions studied from this perspective have been U.S. metropolitan areas, often defined as a central city and its surrounding or adjoining county. Localities can be delineated, however, on various terms, and in the IAD framework, it is the geo‐physical nature of a locality that, in substantial part, drives the analysis. One of the strengths of the approach is its capacity to explain local variations in public organization as a function of the geo‐physical diversity of localities, while at the same time developing empirical generalizations and normative principles that apply across diverse regions. What, for example, might the organization and governance of a complex metropolitan area have in common with the organization and governance of a complex protected area, such as the greater Yellowstone eco‐region or the Adirondack Park? Construing both sorts of regions as local public economies can enhance our overall understanding of public organization at the same time that it permits a more nuanced understanding of diverse localities. Such work contributes to the ongoing IAD project of “understanding institutional diversity.”     

黄河水权制度安排的缺陷与制度创新

现行黄河水权制度是一种计划配置水资源的公共水权制度,这种配置方法造成了制度运行成本上升、水资源使用中的低效率,加剧了黄河下游的断流。制度变迁具有改变收益分配以及改变经济中资源效率的潜在可能性,从而可影响人类的选择行为。黄河水权制度创新应将政府和市场的比较优势有机结合,在宏观层次上为黄河水资源的利用提供一个明确清晰的法制政策环境;在微观层次上构建一个含有约束和激励的制度安排体系,只有通过技术创新和正式水权制度的创新来引导人们的意识,才能引起非正式制度安排的改变,解决非正式制度安排不支持正式制度安排的问题。     

History Declassified: The Perils and Promise of CIA Documents

After a grueling confirmation hearing in late 1991, Robert Gates, the director of central intelligence, convened a CIA Task Force on Openness. It recommended that the agency begin to declassify documents that had previously been withheld from the public.¹ Within the CIA, a Historical Review Board was instructed to "make significant historical information available to the public without damage to the national security interests of the United States."² In the fall of 1992, with great fanfare, the CIA released the first batch of the promised intelligence material–112 documents on the Cuban missile crisis. In the fall of 1993 many of the intelligence estimates on the former Soviet Union were declassified, and thousands of pages of material on the JFK assassination were sent to the National Archives in the wake of public pressure for disclosure generated by Oliver Stone's film JFK.     

The Diversity We Are Given: Community Economies and the Promise of Bataille

For over 20 years J K Gibson‐Graham and the Community Economies Collective have endeavoured to reveal the diversity of economic practice already operative in our so‐called capitalist world. The aim of this paper is to further this ambition by illuminating an occlusion in Gibson‐Graham's own political vision. It argues that diversity, in Gibson‐Graham's thought, is primarily conceptualised as something produced. Drawing upon the work of George Bataille, this paper conceptualises the economy as a superlative and prodigal system of energy exchange that, by definition, is over‐productive and wasteful. In this framing, diversity is not the result of positive relations but emerges from the prolific nature of the general economy. The idea is developed through a discussion of the Detroit urban farming movement. Specifically it argues that the inefficient, redundant and wasteful nature of urban farming is an appropriation of potentialities resident within the general economy.