晚明文人游风炽盛原因及新游观

在晚明游风炽盛的社会现象中,晚明文人山水之游是一个非常值得关注的现象。文人游风炽盛形成了晚明极具时代特色的文人游赏文化。晚明文人作为这种现象中的主体,他们异于前人的文化心态和价值取向是产生这种极具时代特征的“游赏文化”的深层原因。他们钟情于山水,其游因之多元,游观之更新透露出鲜明的时代特征,也是晚明文人游赏文化的集中体现。     

明代地域商帮兴起的社会背景

In the mid-Ming Dynasty, the means of transportation were greatly improved; commodity production became more developed; silver was gradually monetized; commercial taxes became lighter; and social attitudes towards merchants changed. All these developments created a favorable environment for the formation of regional merchant groups. Meanwhile, social factors at the regional level—characteristics of local commodity production, favorable natural environment and production structures, as well as Ming government’s practice of border defense, border trade, foreign policy, local customs, and the interpretation of commercial activities of local people—all contributed to the emergence of merchant groups. Translated by Wu Yanhong from Tsinghua Daxue Xuebao 清华大学学报 (Journal of Tsinghua University), 2006, (5): 81–94     

晚明底层文人的生存状态--以南京王世茂车书楼为中心的考察

王世茂车书楼是晚明南京一家重要的书坊,它编纂、校注和刊刻的图书仅流传至今者就达30余种,与车书楼有联系的作者、校者和刊刻者达40余人。文章借鉴新文化史的研究范式,通过对车书楼及其所编纂、校注和刊刻图书的考察,探究商业出版环境下晚明底层文人的生活方式、价值观念和精神诉求以及人际交往情况,从而揭示了晚明底层文人生存状态和谋生方式的多元化。这一努力不仅可以深化传统社会底层文人生活状况的研究,还在方法论上有所突破。     

The merchants of chang’an in the Sui and Tang dynasties

As the capital of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Chang’an brought together large numbers of high-ranking officials, aristocrats, local residents, and sojourners. The promise of profits caused by the high demand for consumer goods attracted merchants. Chang’an was also the starting point of the renowned Silk Road. For all these reasons, Chang’an became a gathering point for Small and medium-scale merchants, rich merchants, ethnic-minority merchants, and foreign merchants. All these merchants engaged in a wide variety of business activities and made money by surprisingly diverse means. Those with great economic power were quite active politically. The activities of these merchants symbolize the unprecedented growth of commerce in Chang’an and reveal the high level of development of urban trade in the Sui and the Tang dynasties. __________ Translated from: Shaanxi Shifan Daxue Xuebao 陕西师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版(Journal of Shaanxi Normal University, Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), No.2, 2004, by Fabien Simonis. Fabien Simonis wish to thank Alexei Ditter for his help in translating poetic passages.     

俗化与雅化：唐寅与仇英绘画艺术比较

唐寅“俗化”和仇英“雅化”之相对转化的动态过程,随着明清市民化的普遍认同和传播,中国绘画出现了人画与院体画交融发展的现象。     

古代洛阳与南海丝绸之路

南海丝绸之路的开辟,始于西汉时期。宋元明时期随着经济重心的南移,陆上丝绸之路衰落,南海丝绸之路则得到长足发展。古代洛阳连接南海丝绸之路的陆上通道有三条,即从会稽、东冶至洛阳,从广州至洛阳,从缅甸经云南、四川至洛阳。沿着这三条路线,古代从海路来华并到达洛阳的国外使、商人、僧侣,主要来自柬埔寨、缅甸、印度尼西亚、印度、埃及等地。     

清代北京的山西商人——根据136宗个人样本所做的分析

Based on 136 samples of merchants and their activities, this article analyzes the Shanxi merchants’ business activities in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). The discussion focuses on the merchants’ native places, the type and scope of their business, how they managed their stores, successful and failed examples, and the governmental intervention to the merchants’ business. The Shanxi merchants in these samples include business owners, store managers, accountants, shop clerks, servants, and apprentices. Most stores discussed in this article are shops of medium and small sizes with limited amount of capital and few employees. In contrast to the studies of commerce and merchants that often focuses on famous merchants and large enterprises, this article attempts to provide supplemental information on stores of medium and small sizes. Translated by Yang Kai-chien from Zhongguo Jingjishi Yanjiu 中国经济史研究 (Researches in Chinese Economic History), 2008, (1): 3–10     

明代福建社会风气的变迁

Under the stimulus of developing commercial economy and overseas trade, the social customs characterized by prevailing luxury and extravagance was gradually formed in Fujian Province from the mid-Ming Dynasty on. The transformation started from the material culture and later spread to people—s mental attitudes including the public ethics and human relations. Compared with what happened in the Jiangnan area (the Yangtze River Delta), the change in Fujian Province was less profound and thorough, but it highly surpassed the North China society, where many sub-prefectures and counties remained unchanged till the end of the Ming Dynasty. However, there were also some coastal or interior regions in Fujian which continuously maintained a simple and unspoiled social atmosphere for the unbalanced economic development. Translated by Zhou Weiwei and Chen Cheng from Zhejiang Xuekan 浙江学刊 (Zhejiang Academic Journal), 2007, (5): 34–44     

The representation of Mongolia in contemporary travel writing: imaginative geographies of a travellers' frontier

This article analyses the representation of Mongolia in five works of travel writing published since the fall of the country's communist regime in 1990. It argues that this travel writing is characterized by a discourse that generates and circulates an ‘imaginative geography’ of Mongolia as a ‘travellers' frontier’. Support for this argument is derived from highlighting sets of collective, cohesive representations, performances and speaking positions that crosscut the works studied. It is maintained that these have the effect of naturalizing a very particular conceptualization of Mongolia as a frontier destination in the age of globalization and mass tourism. This research adds to an established body of geographical scholarship on travel writing, but departs from it by considering contemporary works rather than ones from the colonial period. In doing so it attempts to illustrate the relevance of contemporary travel writing as an object of study for geographers seeking to explore the anatomy of today's imaginative geographies, which have clear links to, but are not entirely mediated by, the discourses that characterize colonial travel writing.     

唐代岭南流动文人的数量分析

本文利用大量数据,从时、空、类型等三个方面描述了唐代岭南文人的社会流动,即从不同时期岭南流动文人的数量分布来看,有唐一代岭南流动文人的数量一直处于小幅波动但持续平稳的增长之中,且后段的数量要大大高于前段;从不同时期岭南流动文人的地理分布来看,唐代流动文人在岭南的分布异常不均衡,主要集中于"五管"及以广州、桂州为轴线的各州,各期州数的多寡与人数的增减基本上呈正相关关系;从不同时期岭南流动文人的流动类型来看,向上的、水平的流动都是后期比前期的多,向下的流动则基本持平,表明岭南在唐代后期越来越富有吸引力,而文人大批量地到来,又会对岭南文学风习的涵养产生积极的作用和潜移默化的影响,但这种改善非常缓慢。     

明代中国历史趋势:帝制农商社会

Majority of contemporary Chinese historians have been employing a conceptual framework focusing on the difficulty of capitalistic development in China to analyze the historical trend and potentials of late imperial China. This approach based upon the presupposition of viewing the pattern of Chinese history as abnormal reflects with the remaining influence of the Western-centric methodology. Further, based upon a “normal” point of view, seven fundamental, irreversible, and systematical changes to the Ming society could be identified. By conclusion, China in the Ming period was transforming into an imperial agric-mercantile society. This process proves that late imperial China was not stagnate society without “history,” meanwhile, its pattern of development was clearly not identical to the Western style modernization progress. __________ Translated by Chen Cheng from Dongbei Shida Xuebao 东北师大学报(Journal of Northeast Normal University), 2007, (1): 5–13     

区域社会史视野下的明清泽潞商人

在关于晋商的研究中,泽潞商人没有受到足够的重视,以致晋中票商几成晋商的代名词。实际上,明清泽潞商人以经营盐铁、丝绸等闻名天下,同时在地区性贸易活动中扮演了重要角色。更为重要的是,从区域社会史的视角,即在区域社会变迁的具体情境和脉络中去理解,而非从传统的商业史视角去思考,可能为晋商研究提供新的思路。     

1350至1400年的南京

“七大古都”之一的南京 ,在元明之际发生过重大转变。本文对 135 0至 140 0年间的南京进行了全面考察 ,着重论述了朱元璋选择南京作为都城的原因、明初对南京城的大规模营建 ,以及南京城结构的变化等问题。认为当时南京的地理位置十分重要 ,经过明初的营建 ,南京成为江南地区最为重要的国际化都市 ,在明代政治、经济、文化生活中占有举足轻重的地位。     

也谈“贾而好儒”是徽商的特色——与张明富先生商榷

张明富先生认为"贾而好儒"不是徽商特色,而是明清商人的普遍特征.本文不赞成这种观点,指出:一,张明富先生的论证方法有问题,单纯的例证法不足以证明某个事物的基本趋势、基本倾向.二,徽商"贾而好儒"的特色也得到了同时代人的认同.这一特色的形成,是与徽州这一特殊地区密切相关的.三,张文所分析的明清商人普遍"贾而好儒"的原因,从逻辑上说是不能成立的.四,儒家观念并非传统商人未能踏入近代门槛的主要羁绊,能否超越儒家思想的屏障也非中世纪商人与近代商人的最大区别.     

从碑刻看明清以来苏州社会的变迁——兼与徽州社会比较

明清以来的苏州家庭经历了一个从大家族聚宗而居到以小家庭为主的变迁模式 ,形成了一个遍布城乡的社区保障网络 ,大众心态呈现出多元信仰及求实变通的趋势。在家庭、社区、大众心态这三个相互作用又制约的三个层面中 ,商品经济的发展是推动其不断变迁的内在动力。徽商输回徽州的商业利润强化了原有的宗族势力 ,社区保障则是通过宗族系统来实现 ,大众心态也呈现出信仰一元、理学独尊的格局。同在商品经济的推动下 ,却走上了一条与苏州相反的道路     

驰骋西北的平阳商帮

平阳商帮作为晋商的一支,明清两代是其发展的重要阶段,清末民初逐渐由繁盛走向衰落。平阳商帮经贸西路,其经营地点基本为丝绸之路沿线城市如西安、兰州、银川、武威、酒泉、西宁等,其经营行业涉及盐业、冶铁业、布业、烟业及茶叶等。明朝"开中法"的实施为平阳商人经贸西路拉开了序幕,丝路贸易的繁荣吸引平阳商人前去经商,"互通有无"的商业模式给平阳商人提供了商机,便利的交通亦是平阳商人经贸西路的重要条件。     

明清时期碧霞元君信仰的地域扩展

碧霞元君由汉唐泰山玉女这一文学意象发展而来,宋元时期在道教的逐步吸纳和国家认同的共同推动下,其完成了从民间俗神到道教神仙的转变。明清时期碧霞元君不仅多次得到帝王致祭、赐额,成为国家“准正祀性”神灵,其信仰也从泰山一隅扩展到全国大部分地区,庙宇亦由山东等地向全国近20个省区扩展,形成了不同的核心、扩展、边缘区。碧霞元君信仰地域的扩展,与“岳镇海渎”之祭及朝廷推崇;其神职及信奉民众均多;流动官员、士商、移民的传播及道教的推动等诸多因素有关。     

The Nanjing Courtesan Ma Shouzhen (1548–1604): Gender,Space and Painting in the Late Ming Pleasure Quarter

The city of Nanjing in the late Ming period (1550–1644) was a bustling commercial and cultural centre. In its pleasure quarter along the Qinhuai River, literati and officials mingled with elite courtesans who, educated in painting, poetry and music, used their cultural capital in order enhance their visibility and sociability, and obtain the literati's patronage. The extraordinary gender relations of the entertainment district were specific to its socio‐historical environment, where courtesans, although still highly dependent on men, partook in the public scene and exceeded some gender stereotypes and Confucian values, as they owned material goods and enjoyed higher physical mobility than their female counterparts in the gentry. The geographical space shared by courtesans and literati was principally a social and intellectual space, where they generated cultural productions and established social practices. In order to explore the concepts of gender and space in urban settings, this article analyses the case of the as redundant elite courtesan Ma Shouzhen (1548–1604), who was a renowned painter and poetess. A close look at her case contributes to further understanding the construction of social space and expressions of gendered subjectivity in the southern metropolitan courtesan environment.     

The territorial dynamics of innovation: a Europe United States comparative analysis

The United States and European Union differ significantly interms of their innovative capacity: the former have been ableto gain and maintain world leadership in innovation and technologywhile the latter continues to lag. Notwithstanding the magnitudeof this innovation gap and the political emphasis placed uponit on both sides of the Atlantic, very little systematic comparativeanalysis has been carried out on its causes. The empirical literaturehas emphasized the structural differences between the two continentsin the quantity and quality of the major ‘inputs’to innovation: R&D investments and human capital. The verydifferent spatial organization of innovative activities in theEU and the US—as suggested by a variety of contributionsin the field of economic geography—could also influenceinnovative output. This article analyses and compares a wideset of territorial processes that influence innovation in Europeand the United States. The higher mobility of capital, populationand knowledge in the US not only promotes the agglomerationof research activity in specific areas of the country but alsoenables a variety of territorial mechanisms to fully exploitlocal innovative activities and (informational) synergies. Inthe European Union, in contrast, imperfect market integrationand institutional and cultural barriers across the continentprevent innovative agents from maximizing the benefits fromexternal economies and localized interactions, but compensatoryforms of geographical process may be emerging in concert withfurther European integration.