差异与变迁——《亡辽录》与《辽史·地理志》所载刺史州异同探赜

《亡辽录》与《辽史·地理志》对刺史州记载差异的原因有二:一是两书史源不同;二是两书采摭刺史州的时段不同。《亡辽录》由原辽朝进士史愿所作,记载的是乾统(1101—1110)中至天庆五年(1115)间刺史州的设置状况。《辽史·地理志》著录的是重熙(1032—1054)中刺史州的情况,其源于重熙十三年(1044)所修《实录》。但两书均无法展现有辽一代刺史州变化的全貌。     

《辽史·地理志》东京辽阳府条记事谬误探源

《辽史·地理志·东京辽阳府》记事错误丛生,最显著的是将箕子朝鲜、汉四郡、慕容氏政权、高句丽、渤海的统治中心都改成辽阳府。本文认为这是契丹在前期为了追求在东北地区的政治利益,以箕子朝鲜的继承者自居,有意为之,由此造成了《辽史·地理志》东京辽阳府记事的种种不实。《辽史》多取自耶律俨《皇朝实录》,从耶律俨称“王氏高丽”为“新罗”可以反映出契丹谋求箕子继承者的政治企图与领土要求。契丹因炮制箕子继承表而任意改写“东京道”诸州县方位,给后世的史学家带来莫大的困扰。     

辽朝军事区划体系研究——兼论辽代“道”“路”诸问题

《辽史·地理志》所言“兵事隶/属”指州、军、城在军事上隶属相应军事机构;仅言“隶/属”者,指民政、军事皆由军事机构管理。《辽史·地理志》其他未载明“兵事”隶属关系的州、军、城隶属于五京留守或留守兼任之军事机构长官。《辽史·地理志》提及的军事机构,可分为高级与中级两个层级。二者辖区加上节镇,共同构成辽朝三级军事区划。高级军事区划“军事路”共九处,包括“五京路”和西北路、西南面、东北路、辽西路,覆盖辽朝全境;中级军事区划位于高级军事区划内,往往为高级军事机构分支机构或因事而置,且时常调整;低级军事区划即节镇辖区。辽朝军事路与五京道、财赋路划分并不完全一致,军事路的设置受到五京道影响,物资则依靠财赋路提供。     

辽长春州建置于何时

辽代长春州,治今吉林省前郭尔罗斯蒙古族自治县八郎乡北上台子村的塔虎城,是辽王朝设置在东北地区的一座军事重镇,在辽代乃至金代历史上都占有极为重要的地位。然而,如此重要的一座州城到底建置于何时?目前学界尚存异议。对此,笔者不揣浅陋,愿以一孔之见,求教于各位师友。 据《辽史》卷37《地理志》(下简称《地理志》或《志》)记载:“长春州,韶阳军,下,节度。本鸭子河春猎之地。兴宗重熙八年(1039年)置。隶延庆宫。”《辽史》卷18《兴宗本     

辽代带式考实——从辽陈国公主驸马合葬墓出土的腰带谈起

辽代因俗而治,百官分为北面和南面两大体系。《辽史·仪卫志》记服饰制度称:"北班国制,南班汉制,各从其便焉。"所谓国制,就是指契丹服,宋人曾称作蕃服;汉制就是指中原地区汉人所穿的汉服。《辽史·仪卫志》记载的服饰制度,原本于《旧唐书·舆服志》、《新唐书·车服志》、《契丹国志》和《辽朝杂礼》等典籍,由于年代久远,记录多有遗漏,往往语焉不详,甚至谬误百出。     

辽《高玄圭墓志》考释

《高玄圭墓志》填补了玄圭之子高士宁墓志的不足之处,为学界认识入辽汉人的迁徙路径、生活状况提供了鲜明的个案。此方墓志亦可证明《辽史·兵卫志》所载庆州玄宁县无误。此外,志中所言兴云山实即《辽史》之庆云山。     

辽代军事监察制度新探——兼析《辽史·百官志》“监军”、“都监”诸问题

前贤在论及辽代军事监察制度时,依据的史料多是《续通典》卷33《职官十一》,由于其史源为《辽史·百官志》,又《百官志》的记载存在各种问题,从而误导了对辽代军事监察制度的认识。辽朝建立了一套完整周密的军事监察制度,至少有行军监军、招讨司监军、驻军中的监军三种类型。监军的职责主要为监督地方官、管理驻军,有时亦亲自带兵执行作战任务。辽代方面性军事机构,如统军司、招讨司等,因带有军管性质,故其监军有时亦负责民政事务;根据辽代凡有军队之处,无论是行军还是驻军,皆设有监军这一特点,对《辽史·百官志》中关于"监军"、"都监"的记载重新进行审视。     

《辽史·百官志》官职官署补——据《满洲金石志》

学界已从大量金石文献中找到了部分未载于《辽史·百官志》的官职材料,然尚多有遗漏.《满洲金石志》是第一部对东北金石文献进行整理、录文、考订的金石跋尾类著作,其中包含大量辽代官职与官署,今将《辽史》未记载之官职官署从该书中辑出,依《辽志》体例胪列,以补正史之阙.     

点校本《辽史》正误

《辽史》一百十六卷,元脱脱等人修于至正三年(1343)四月至四年(1344)三月,所用的时间尚不足一年,它是《二十四史》中成书最速的一部史书。这部《辽史》,是以耶律俨《实录》和陈大任《辽史》为底本,参考《契丹国志》、《资治通鉴》及各史中的《契丹传》等稍加修订编排而成。由于当时没有认真搜集资料,致使很多重要资料没被吸     

《辽史》、《金史》评议

元修《辽史》、《金史》,后世赞毁不一,《四库全书总目》纪盷和《廿二史札记》赵翼之说出,学史者多信之不疑,至今仍不免。近读两史,以为对它们的评价实有重新探讨的必要,敢一抒管见于次。一《四库全书总目》评《辽史》说:“…潦草成编,实多疏略,其间左史右诎,痕迹灼然。…然其书以实录为凭,无所粉饰。…此三史所由并行而不可偏废欤?…纪盷还指摘《辽史》撰写,所据文献不足,又考证欠详等等。赵翼《甘二史·札记》则云:“辽史最简     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.