城市企业主义视角下的中国城市增长机制研究

我国城市发展自本世纪以来呈现出加快发展的趋势。然而,这一进程尚不均衡和协调。本文通过城市企业主义这一视角,分析中国城市实现空间与经济迅速增长的机制及其所面临的问题。文章首先考察了2001-2009年间的公共财政结构,揭示出中国地方政府治理模式,并对其背后的制度原因进行了分析,以体现出城市企业主义是如何受到高度集中的行政考评体系和分税制这一转型期财政体制的影响。文章接着对地方政府为实现其城市企业主义战略而采用的土地驱动型发展模式进行了研究,最后提出了中国城市发展亟待转型的呼吁。     

Diversity and change in Australia's rangelands: a post–productivist transition with a difference?

Australia's rangelands are experiencing a post–productivist transition at a tempo comparable to Western Europe's, but in contexts that ensure marked divergence in impulses, actors, processes and outcomes. In Australia's most marginal lands, a flimsy mode of pastoral occupance is being displaced by renewed indigenous occupance, conservation and tourism, with significant changes in land ownership, property rights, investment sources and power relations, but also with structural problems arising from fugitive income streams. The sharp delineation between structurally coherent commodity–oriented regions and emerging amenity–oriented regions can provisionally be mapped at a national scale. A comparison of Australia with Western Europe indicates that three distinct but interconnected driving forces are propelling the rural transition, namely: agricultural overcapacity; the emergence of amenity–oriented uses; and changing societal values.     

土地利用的八维空间解析

土地的本质是一定范围的空间,土地利用是在一定范围的空间内安排土地用途和土地功能的活动集合。解构土地利用空间维度,构建土地利用从低维到高维转变的土地利用思想,有利于拓展现代土地利用创新理念。基于主题分析法的研究表明：①土地利用存在八个维度的拓展方向,分别是聚点发展、轴线开发、平面发展、立体发展、分时利用、混合用途、功能叠加和空间共享;②土地利用维度可归纳为空间、时间和功能三个层面,并且各维度之间存在较强的关联性;③依据土地利用维度从低到高,以聚点发展为初始维,构建土地利用的八维空间理念。土地利用八维空间理念的明晰,有利于增益人们对土地用途和土地功能空间配置和组合的认知,从而有利于现代土地利用的创新实践。     

Current Literature

A noted specialist on China's urban and economic geography investigates the processes underlying the massive and occasionally wasteful practice of land development that has accompanied China's rapid economic advance. By critically juxtaposing elements of conventional neoliberal economic theory (e.g., the so-called "tragedy of the commons") with the actual exercise of land property rights and the practice of land development in transitional China, he argues that, contrary to Western experience, land property rights have evolved from the bottom up and thus functioned not as a bundle of standardized and uniform legal prerogatives but rather as a diverse set of local practices adaptable to regional conditions. The author illustrates these processes though a thorough review of Chinese laws and regulations as well as a case study of land development in a province (Guangdong) in which land development has been allowed to proceed more rapidly under a special economic regime and exposure to global forces. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P260, Q150, R140, R520. 2 figures, 1 table, 95 references.     

Negro problems in tropical Africa: Reviews of recent books

Changes in Scottish planning since the 1960s are discussed, especially the greater involvement of central government and increased consultation with the public. Steady pressure from the economic crisis and from technological change has limited the scope of the regions in planning though they retain a strategic role.     

In the Long ‘Run’: Kanak Stockmen,the Cattle Frontier and Colonial Power Relations in New Caledonia, 1870–1988

ABSTRACT For more than a century, from the 1870s to the 1980s, stockmen were important intermediaries and figures of power and influence in the construction, maintenance and renewal of the colonial order in New Caledonia. Social relations between Kanak and settlers working in the cattle ‘runs’ permitted a unique form of mobility spanning the frontier. The relations developed between chiefs and cattle farmers are central to the processes by which certain administrative chieftaincies emerged in the late‐nineteenth century, and by which Kanak entered the ‘political’ sphere in the second half of the twentieth century. With reference to the locality of Koné, this article traces the political alliances fashioned between Kanak stockmen and their employers in the context of colonisation, rebellion, evangelisation, post‐war political emancipation, local development and, finally, the struggle between supporters and opponents of independence in the 1980s.     

石河子市土地利用变化及主要地类驱动力研究

通过分析石河子市土地利用的变化,探讨了其土地利用总体变化和各主要地类的驱动机制。社会经济因素是该区域土地利用总体变化的主导性驱动因素。而人口和经济增长是石河子市土地利用总体变化的首要社会经济类驱动因子,其次农业是技术发展。农业结构调整、产业结构转移是耕地利用变化的主导性驱动因素,而城镇化和工业化发展则是引起建设用地变化的主导性驱动因素。     

Social sustainability of urban regeneration led by industrial land redevelopment in Taiwan

Abandoned industrial sites, usually contaminated by hazardous substances, create social injustice in the surrounding communities. Redevelopment of industrial land has brought prospects of sustainable development to the communities that live in and around them. This research is to identify the critical factors facilitating urban regeneration and particularly social sustainability in Kaohsiung, an industrial city of Taiwan which experienced deindustrialization in recent decades, resulting in several abandoned industrial sites and decay of the adjacent urban communities. Two different industrial land redevelopment projects were examined; (1) Jhongdou Wetland Park, which focuses on environmental sustainability, and (2) Pier-2 Art Centre, which focuses on economic sustainability. Measured by the social sustainability indicators developed by the Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development and through findings from a questionnaire survey of community members, this study found that the redevelopment project of the Pier-2 Art Centre has a higher level of social sustainability than the Jhongdou Wetland Park, performing better in six out of nine themes. Critical dimensions resulting in the better performance in social sustainability of the Pier-2 Art Centre included rental affordability, heritage conservation, community image, cultural activity, community association, public space, local organization and higher accessibility to facility.     

西安市城市化进程中的土地利用政策研究

本文选用城市地域扩展倍数、年平均扩展速度、土地利用效益及其变化幅度等指标,从土地利用的经济效益角度分析了西安市1992-2002年10年间城市化进程中的城市地域扩展和土地利用效益问题;以非农业人口增长、经济发展和城市建设为影响因素,预测了城市用地的未来需求量。     

基于GIS的西安市南郊土地城市化空间发展研究

城市化发展所带来的社会经济的剧烈变动,促使城乡地域土地利用的根本性变革,并由此引发农村和城市协调发展等问题。城市化的过程也是一种土地利用的变动过程。伴随着城市化,土地利用问题日益成为影响城市化发展的关键。本研究选取西安市南郊为研究区,利用覆盖西安市的SPOT遥感影像,结合相关文献、资料,在解译的基础上获得1996年和2006年西安市南郊土地利用数据。通过分析对比可知,土地利用面积变化和类型改变对城郊经济结构以及社会活动都产生了巨大影响。为了实现城乡结合部的土地可持续利用,文中深入剖析了土地不可持续利用问题,进而提出了相应的对策建议。     

农村宅基地管理：问题与对策

随着我国社会经济的快速发展和城市化、城镇化进程的加快,涉及农村宅基地的矛盾日益突出,已成为影响农村社会安定的重要因素。当前农村宅基地管理上存在着人均宅基地面积超标、村庄建设缺乏合理化规划、＂空心村＂、制度设计有重大缺陷等一系列问题,在此背景下,需要采取如下措施,即：加强宅基地立法体系建设,规范宅基地管理;严格宅基地规划、审批管理;完善农村宅基地流转制度;加强土地执法。