1994～1998年对滨海地区渤海遗存的考古学考察研究成果

到目前为止,在滨海边疆区地域内共发现了145处以上、时间在8～10世纪期间内的遗址,这个时间范围亦即是渤海国存在的时期.从(20世纪)90年代初开始就在属于渤海考古学遗存上进行了范围广泛的考古学考察.在1994年,国立远东大学的专家们与远东分院历史、考古、民族学研究所的考古学家们一起进行对渤海遗存的考察研究工作.韩国和日本的考古学家也参加了一些遗址的发掘.在滨海地区的南半部发掘了包括渤海时期在内的古城遗址、村落遗址、祭祀建筑等在内的遗迹,其中有克拉斯基诺、西涅里尼科沃、戈尔巴特卡、南乌苏里斯克、尼科拉耶夫卡、马里亚诺夫卡、阿乌罗夫卡古城遗址,康斯坦丁诺夫卡-1、阿布里科索沃村落遗址,以及科尔萨科夫卡、科佩京斯克和阿布里科索沃寺庙等祭祀遗址和克拉斯基诺、切尔尼亚京斯克古墓地.     

四川成都金沙、船棺遗址：申报世界文化遗产与文物保护

发现于2001年2月的四川省成都市金沙遗址位于成都市区西北部,遗址分布范围4平方公里,发掘总面积已达2万余平方米,发现了祭祀区、宫殿区、一般居址区、墓地等重要遗存。祭祀区现已出土了3000余件金器、铜器、玉器、石器以及百余根象牙、数以千计的野猪獠牙、鹿角等。宫殿区内发现了1000余平方米的建筑群,最大的单体建筑面积达430平方米以上。一般居址区内发现有大量的房屋建筑基址、陶窑、灰坑、墓葬等。墓葬区墓葬密集,面积在1万平方米以上。遗址的时代为商代晚期至西周早、中期。金沙遗址是古蜀国商代晚期至西周早、中期(公元前12世纪至公元前9世纪)的都邑。     

日本旧石器遗址的保护

本文就日本旧石器遗址保护的现状与课题做简要介绍。日本对本土旧石器遗址的研究,始于1949年群马县岩宿遗址的发现,与对新石器时代及后来时代(绳文时代、弥生时代、古坟时代)文化遗址的研究相比,历史很短,对其保护也不很充分。2000年1月,日本民间旧石器文化研究组织--东北旧石器文化研究所的副理事长捏造旧石器遗址的问题暴露以后,对日本旧石器遗址的研究和保护产生了多种负面影响。如何克服这一影响,加强对日本旧石器遗址的保护,本文就此谈一点看法。     

金沙遗址祭祀区出土遗物研究

目次一金沙遗址祭祀区的出土遗物二金沙遗址祭祀区与三星堆器物坑出土遗物比较三金沙遗址祭祀区出土遗物的文化面貌与性质四金沙遗址祭祀区出土遗物的特点及原因五金沙时期成都平原的文化格局金沙遗址是继三星堆遗址之后在成都平原发现的又一个重要遗址。1995年在成都金沙遗址范围内的黄忠村一带已发现商周时期的遗存,2001年在金沙村出土大批遗物,由此开始了对金沙遗址的大规模发掘。多年的发掘与研究已确认金沙遗址面积超过5平方公里,内含大型建筑区     

湖南宁乡冲天湾遗址H29瓷器窖藏坑发掘简报

2015年3~7月,湖南省文物考古研究所对宁乡冲天湾遗址进行了抢救性考古发掘,在遗址中部清理了一处瓷器窖藏坑,出土了一批保存完好的瓷器。其中青瓷、青白瓷分别产自龙泉窑和羊舞岭窑,埋藏年代大致为为南宋晚期至元代早期。可能是因某种祭祀情况所遗留下的窖藏坑。     

《江汉考古》总目之五[1986年]

一简报与简讯八口nO4一甘,‘n.护a-O“n甘O山n︸nJ,.﹃9l.…l…9 2. .2.1…410月江陵阴湘城调查与探索荆门市瓦岗山西汉墓襄阳贾家冲画像砖墓应城县出土商代鸽卤舞阳出土一批青铜剑江西丰城县发现元末红巾军铜印涌阳出土日本铜钱三峡坝区前期准备工作中考古发掘初见成果大悟县土城古遗址探掘简报南漳县几处古文化遗址调查简报麻城楚墓湖北郧县砖瓦厂两座东汉墓江陵黄山南朝墓馆藏铜器介绍随州均川出土铭文青铜器江西瑞昌隋墓房县樟脑洞发现的旧石器理阳月洲湖遗址考古调查谷城新店出土的春秋铜器大冶黄文村东汉墓清理简报都阳湖地区的考古…     

郑州商城遗址保护和利用的几点意见

郑州商城遗址是目前发现的规模最大、保存最好的商代前期都城遗址。城内发现有宫殿区、奴隶主居住区、平民居住区。祭祀遗址等,出土过数以万计的文物,周长近７公里的商代土筑城墙保存也相当完好。这些珍贵的遗迹和遗物,闪耀着我们祖先的智慧和伟大的创造力。因此,它是进行历史唯物主义、爱国主义教育和社会主义精神文明建设的重要园地,是一座露天的遗址博物馆。 由于历史的原因,有很多居民长期居住在商城城墙上和城墙根部。为了扩大住房面积,甚至有些还挖城墙建房,致使城墙一天天变低、变窄,以至被挖断。有些地段城墙被垃圾、旱厕…     

律令体制下的日本神祗祭祀

自公元 7世纪至 8世纪中国唐代的律令制度传到日本后 ,当时的日本政府大多照搬了唐代法律的规定。而对于祭祀制度 ,由于中日两国风俗习惯不同 ,两国的祭祀制度也千差万别 ,因此 ,日本政府在制订《神祗令》时 ,并没有一味地照搬唐代的《祠令》的规定 ,而是沿用了本国固有的祭祀传统。但对于祭祀活动的管理、对于违反祭祀活动的处罚原则 ,却借鉴了唐代律、令中的内容 ,并有所变化。     

从上海福泉山遗址的考古发现谈我国古代有关祀天活动的几个问题

近年来,在我国原始社会晚期的遗址和墓葬里发现多处和祭祀有关的遗迹和遗物,如红山文化遗址发现的大型石砌祭坛和“女神庙”;良渚文化墓葬中出土的玉制琮、璧以及上海福泉山遗址的“红烧土”和祭祀坑遗迹等。这些祭祀遗迹与我国后世的祭天活     

金沙遗址出土石磬初步研究

2006年6月,成都文物考古研究所对成都金沙遗址祭祀区进行了考古发掘,共选择祭祀区的4个地点,其中在祭祀区西北角的1个探方内发掘出土了2件石磬(图一),是此次发掘工作中的重要收获之一。同年11～12月,成都文物考古研究所、成都金沙遗址博物馆与四川省社会科学     

Variability in Eritrea and the Archaeology of the Northern Horn During the First Millennium BC: Subsistence,Ritual, and Gold Production

Around the margins of Asmara, Eritrea, hundreds of sites dating to the early and mid-first millennium BC have been documented. They range from single family dwellings to small and large hamlets, small and large villages, and small towns. We call these Ancient Ona sites, using the Tigrinya term for ruin. Our findings testify to significant subsistence, ritual, and economic variation within a region of 12 by 17 km: (1) different subsistence strategies in the well-watered, open basin to the west of Asmara (emmer wheat, barley; cattle) compared to the uplands north and east of Asmara (lentil, teff; goats/sheep); (2) ritual events, marked by stone bulls' heads and a huge ash deposit at Sembel Kushet, that brought people together in rites of passage and intensification during Meskel-like ceremonies, including ritual exchange; and (3) the exploitation of gold north of Asmara among heterarchically organized communities that exchanged specialized products within this region.     

明代天师道斋醮述略

斋醮是道教祭祀仪式。斋醮在明代是国家祭祀大典之一。有明一代诸帝命天师斋醮次数众多,规模及费用巨大。诸帝命天师斋醮目的大致可归纳为保国安民、延寿度亡、消灾祛祸及祈福谢恩。     

郑国青铜礼乐器祭祀坑相关问题讨论

新郑祭祀遗址出土青铜礼乐器作为祭祀重器,是春秋中期郑国特殊祭祀文化的具体表现.不同遗址出土器物组合的差异,从器物层面体现了当时郑国高等级贵族间的微妙关系,轮流执政的卿大夫已经掌控了包括土地所有权在内的多项国家权力,拥有和国君同等级的礼器、乐器使用权,仅在用鼎数量方面存在着差异.作为祭器的祭祀坑出土青铜礼乐器和同时期墓葬出土器物有着本质上的区别,表明当时祭祀礼仪仍然严格遵循着传统礼制,也正是由于这个原因,不能将遗址出土青铜乐器与"郑卫之声"简单地等同分析.     

Traces of History and Ethnology in the Local Names of Gloucestershire

Aspects of burial custom in Roman Britain which seem to be influenced by Roman ideas include burials found accompanied by coins, eggs, charcoal, phials, which once contained perfume, and ritual objects, such as jugs and pateras. The implications of these customs are considered together with the significance of symbolism displayed on tombstones. Discussion of funerary ritual, as it might have been practised in Roman Britain, includes the portrayal of the funerary banquets on tombstones. It is concluded, on the evidence available, that burial custom, like religious thought, was a matter of personal choice, partly because the Romans did not attempt to prescribe funerary practice, except in the law relating to the positioning of cemeteries, and partly because of the strong influence of Celtic religious belief surviving in Roman Britain.     

Detecting Palaeolithic Activity Areas Through Electrical Resistivity Survey: An Assessment from Vale de Óbidos,Portugal

The open air Late Pleistocene campsite of Vale de Óbidos provided an opportunity to systematically assess the utility of electrical resistivity surveying for activity area detection at Palaeolithic sites. Detailed surface mapping facilitated the exploration of electrical resistivity effects caused by recent land use activities and post depositional processes. At Vale de Óbidos, tree throw events, ploughing, and earth moving have a more significant impact on soil resistivity than increases in soil moisture associated with pine tree stumps and roots. Resistivity results successfully discriminate activity areas containing hearth features and high densities of fire cracked rocks and artifacts. As an aid for understanding post-depositional processes at archaeological sites and to design excavation and recovery efforts, the technique has great potential for Palaeolithic archaeology and in other prehistoric contexts that lack major architectural remains.     

Origin of Reddened and Melted Zones in Pleistocene Sediments of the Olorgesailie Basin,Southern Kenya Rift

Hardened red zones and rare melt rocks are puzzling and rare features in the Middle Pleistocene sediments of the Olorgesailie Formation of the southern Kenya Rift. We propose that combustion metamorphism and melting produced these zones. This is evidenced by field observations, chemical composition, X-ray diffraction and melting experiments. Plant-rich beds and disbursed plant matter served as fuel. Probably lightning generated surface fires that ignited carbonaceous beds exposed in gullies. The burning then proceeded underground. Melt rocks and red thermally metamorphosed zones within beds distinguish combustion metamorphism from reddening of paleosols by surface vegetation fires. Diagenetic oxidation has removed much of the carbonaceous material from the paleosols and marsh deposits, except where they are included in dense metasediments. Extraordinarily high temperatures of about 1200°C, which are essential to producing the melt rocks, required plant matter buildup, burial of the plant fuel under at most a few metres of sediment, and then rapid burning under dry conditions. This sequence of events points to one or more extreme droughts between 601,000 and 493,000 years ago, the period represented by upper Member 12 and Member 13 of the Olorgesailie Formation. Combustion metamorphism was not recognized in early studies at Olorgesailie, partly because it is not a widely taught nor published subject. Other Pleistocene East African basins and similar sites may contain as yet unrecognized products of combustion metamorphism that may prove of paleoclimatological importance.     

Architectural Discourse and Social Transformation During the Early Neolithic of Southeast Anatolia

Within the Near Eastern research canon, the transition to more sedentary lifestyles during the Neolithic is often framed as an economic necessity, linked to plant and animal domestication, climatic change and population stress. In such a framework, an increasingly complex social structure, arising in response to the increasingly complex relations of agricultural production, is presumed. For example, some researchers would argue that feasting-based rituals became an arena of social control and an increasingly complex society began to emerge around ritual leadership and monumental ritual architecture. Yet the research projects conducted at many Near Eastern sites indicate neither that sedentism can be directly linked to the requirements of agriculture, nor that the presence of monumental architecture can be successfully associated with social control based on unequal redistribution of agricultural surplus. While ritual activity appears to be central during the Neolithic, two important questions remain to be explored: (1) what exactly did the rituals control, given that the societies under consideration are commonly perceived to have an ‘egalitarian’ ethos?; and (2) what happened to the ritual control in the second half of the PPNB, when ritual architecture completely disappears from the archaeological record at a time of increased reliance on agriculture? Through a critical review of the use of terms like ‘sedentism’, ‘egalitarianism’ and ‘ritual’, I argue that the architecture of the Early Neolithic is related to the management of social relationships through symbolic place-making activities. Based on a comparative review of burial activity, building continuity and the use of symbolic imagery, I examine the symbolic construction of some of the earliest examples of long-term occupational focus in southeast Anatolia, such as Hallan Çemi, Demirköy, Körtik Tepe, Hasankeyf Höyük, Gusir Höyük, Göbekli Tepe, Çayönü and Neval? Çori, in an attempt to understand the social factors behind the emergence and demise of Early Neolithic monumental architecture. The evidence from the above-mentioned sites suggests that Early Neolithic place-making reflects community formation at a variety of scales, at the center of which lay the continuous reinvention of kinship concepts. While some sites, with concentrations of burials, may have become the locus for construction of more intimate local place-based networks, other sites, such as Göbekli Tepe, may have integrated the extended networks. Arguably, the formation of large scale networks during the PPNA posed a threat to local groups. Thus, a focus on local group formation and close control of social exchanges may have begun during the early PPNB, and the places such as Göbekli Tepe may have fallen out of use during this process. In the context of the symbolism and figurine evidence, I further argue that sex and gender may have become important issues, both in the formation of place-communities during the late PPNA—early PPNB, and in the emergence of autonomous households during the later PPNB.     

Considerations for the identification of ritual deposits of animal bones in Iron Age pits

Although ritual practices amongst human groups are well documented, there are often great difficulties in deducing that ritual behaviour was one of the processes leading to the deposition of prehistoric animal bones. This paper examines developments in recent British literature, particularly those related to the interpretation of certain bones found in Iron Age pits and notably at Danebury hillfort. It discusses a set of arguments or criteria on which the growing literature on ritual is based. In most instances the criteria cannot be restricted to a solely ritual interpretation and a wider range of taphonomic explanations are possible. More rigorous excavation records and discussion of evidence are required to identify ritual satisfactorily.     

Chemical evolution of metamorphic fluids in the Central Alps,Switzerland: insight from LA‐ICPMS analysis of fluid inclusions

The chemical evolution of fluids in Alpine fissure veins (open cavities with large free‐standing crystals) has been studied by combination of fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, LA‐ICPMS microanalysis, and thermodynamic modeling. The quartz vein systems cover a metamorphic cross section through the Central Alps (Switzerland), ranging from subgreenschist‐ to amphibolite‐facies conditions. Fluid compositions change from aqueous inclusions in subgreenschist‐ and greenschist‐facies rocks to aqueous–carbonic inclusions in amphibolite‐facies rocks. The fluid composition is constant for each vein, across several fluid inclusion generations that record the growth history of the quartz crystals. Chemical solute geothermometry, fluid inclusion isochores, and constraints from fluid–mineral equilibria modeling were used to reconstruct the pressure–temperature conditions of the Alpine fissure veins and to compare them with the metamorphic path of their host rocks. The data demonstrate that fluids in the Aar massif were trapped close to the metamorphic peak whereas the fluids in the Penninic nappes record early cooling, consistent with retrograde alteration. The good agreement between the fluid–mineral equilibria modeling and observed fluid compositions and host‐rock mineralogy suggests that the fluid inclusions were entrapped under rock‐buffered conditions. The molar Cl/Br ratios of the fluid inclusions are below the seawater value and would require unrealistically high degrees of evaporation and subsequent dilution if they were derived from seawater. The halogen data may thus be better explained by interaction between metamorphic fluids and organic matter or graphite in metasedimentary rocks. The volatile content (CO₂, sulfur) in the fluid inclusions increases systematically as function of the metamorphic grade, suggesting that the fluids have been produced by prograde devolatilization reactions. Only the fluids in the highest grade rocks were partly modified by retrograde fluid–rock interactions, and all major element compositions reflect equilibration with the local host rocks during the earliest stages of postmetamorphic uplift.     

Being Ritual in Mesolithic Britain and Ireland: Identifying Ritual Behaviour Within an Ephemeral Material Record

Acceptance of ritual as a valid interpretation of Mesolithic behaviour has slowly emerged over the past decade; the ‘silly season’ heralded by Mellars (Antiquity 83:502–517, 2009) has not materialised, though in Ireland and Britain difficulties persist in defining what might constitute ‘ritual’ away from the graveside. New discoveries from both the development-led and academic sectors enable Mesolithic archaeologists to better establish which elements of the archaeological record can be interpreted as ritual. This paper seeks to identify further strands of ritual behaviour, incorporating evidence from sites without organic remains. We consider the evidence for ritual at the site and feature scales, and in the special treatment of objects—an often overlooked body of data in understanding ritual. Thus the material signature of ritual will be questioned, and ways in which Mesolithic ritual can be rehabilitated and expanded will be explored.