乡村旅游经济产业优化对乡村振兴的影响

在现代社会经济水平逐渐提升的背景下,人们的生活质量不断提高,人们对物质文化的需求逐渐增高,旅游行业发展由此得到壮大,成为人们生活娱乐的主要方式。传统的旅游方式目前已经无法满足人们的发展需求,乡村旅游不断被人们认可。文章对乡村旅游市场和旅游产业做出研究,重点分析乡村旅游市场中存在的问题,阐述其中的原因,并给乡村振兴背景下旅游经济产业的优化提供更多路径。     

中国乡村地理学研究的重新定向

本文首先分析了乡村地理学及其相邻学科(乡村经济学、乡村社会学)对乡村研究的基本内容,认为三者各有侧重,乡村地理学重点从地域空间的角度分析乡村的各种问题,乡村经济学主要关注乡村经济系统的组织与发展规律,乡村社会学则把重点放在乡村社会变迁上,但共同交叉之处甚多。乡村问题带有地域性、综合性特点,在当今城市化的背景下,乡村地域的功能在发生变化,乡村产业结构、社会结构均经历着由传统向现代的全面转型,当前我国乡村地理学需要重新定向,笔者建议以乡村社会经济变迁的研究为主线,加强经济、社会、地理的综合研究,探讨空间结构模式及其规律性,指导乡村发展的实践。     

近50余年中国近代乡村手工业史研究述评

建国以来的50余年,中国经济史学界对近代乡村手工业史的研究取得了很大的进展,但是研究中存在的问题及其薄弱环节还很多,在一些主要问题上仍存在着分歧。今后的近代中国乡村手工业经济史研究必须秉持客观与理性的精神,将整体研究与区域研究、行业研究结合起来,同时加强量化分析,使中国近代经济史、近代乡村史的研究更加趋于精细和完整。     

要重视乡村边缘群体的研究

“中国的问题实质上是农民问题”,农民及其所依附的土地,构成了看似简单实则复杂的乡村社会。近年来,乡村史研究越来越引人瞩目。人们对历史上乡村问题的研究主要集中在两方面：一是乡村本身,诸如经济、社会、人口、区域等等;二是研究乡村的理论与方法,如停滞论(珀金斯)、陷阱论(伊懋可)、过密化论(黄宗智)、内卷化论(杜赞奇)、区域经济(中心边缘)理论(施坚雅)、权力共同体论(秦晖)、新古典主义经济学增长论(马若孟、罗友枝),革命范式,现代化范式,学科交叉,等等。     

乡村振兴背景下重庆乡村旅游发展策略探究

乡村旅游是实现乡村振兴战略的重要途径，也是推动农村经济高质量发展的重要手段。但目前乡村振兴背景下重庆乡村旅游发展存在文化内涵有待丰富、教育功能有待完善、辐射功能不够明显、社区居民参与不足等问题，因此，文章提出丰富旅游产品文化内涵、增强旅游教育功能、扩大旅游辐射面、提高居民参与度的发展策略，希望为重庆乡村旅游发展提供有益借鉴和指导。     

乡村旅游对乡村经济的影响及发展路径研究——以福建省为例

在乡村振兴背景下,乡村旅游给乡村经济发展带来了机遇与挑战,大力发展乡村旅游事业对乡村产业结构优化、文化挖掘与传承、民生乡风治理等方面有积极影响,进而推动乡村经济的快速发展。然而,乡村旅游也面临一些现实困境。本研究以福建省为例,发现乡村旅游在文化挖掘力、人才接受、产品项目开发、资源利用、接待设施建设等方面存在问题。为此,本研究提出丰富产品种类、促进利益分配公平、加强文化传承创新、强化市场监督管理、提高接待能力等发展路径,推动乡村旅游高质量发展,促进宜居宜业和美乡村建设。     

贫困与反贫困--集体化时代中共对乡村问题的表达与实践

有关1949年后中国乡村集体化问题,目前的学术界很少关注和思考它是建立在一种什么样的问题意识之上,以及如何评价这种问题意识及其影响。新中国成立后,中共一直认为贫困是乡村问题的核心,并认为落后的生产关系及生产力、严重的自然灾害、人口过剩、政府提取过多、文化与技术落后等因素造成了贫困问题。基于此,它提出了以集体化、水利化、机械化、以粮为纲、多种经营和文化与技术革命等为中心的反贫困措施。对近代以来的中国而言,贫困是个历史性窠臼,中共的乡村问题意识具有合理性,其反贫困政策与实践大多具有基础性和战略性意义,但人们却长期轻视乃至漠视这些因素,由此也造成了一系列的悖论现象。对集体化时代中国问题的研究如果不和中共的乡村问题意识结合起来,就不能深入到社会历史领域,甚至有可能陷入狭隘的权谋论中。     

民国时期乡村教师的生存状况

从民国时期乡村教师的生活体验和其他相关研究来看,乡村教师的生存现状是工作条件艰苦,工作繁难,待遇低下;同时还遭受到乡村民众的抵触和乡村士绅的排挤,事实上沦为乡村社会的边缘人;乡村教师普遍心情苦闷,状态低迷,对自身职业的认同感不高,对自身的社会角色定位比较游移。这种生存状况反映出,在国家教育体制、专家精英和乡村社会等外在规约中成长起来的乡村教师,其在乡村教育中的主体价值和主体意识是薄弱的,并没有发挥社会所期待的"中心"或"导师"的作用。     

英国早期乡村工业社会研究

英国工业革命中出现的乡村工业社会,是大工业在乡村发展的必然结果和乡村城市化过程的初始阶段。工业家是乡村工业社会的创建者和主宰,主要通过提供住房和管理公共卫生、控制社区的宗教和教育事业、掌控公共管理权力等3个方面来实现对乡村工业社会的控制和管理。开展关于英国早期乡村工业社会的研究,对于了解工业发展与社会转型之间的微妙关系,揭示工业企业家群体对社会事务的广泛渗透和控制,具有一定的启发意义。     

新化县乡村旅游发展存在的问题与对策探究

近年来,随着生活质量的改善和对美好生活的向往,人们对旅游的需求日益增多,旅游逐渐成为人们日常生活中的一部分。湖南省娄底市新化县环境优美,拥有丰富的乡村旅游资源和文化遗产,是梅山文化的发源地。本文在总结新化县乡村旅游资源概况和发展现状的基础上,分析新化县乡村旅游发展存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出相关对策,希望可以助力新化县乡村旅游转型升级,从而推动新化县县域经济的发展。     

建国后30年浙江农村义务教育的历史考察——以农村民办小学为例

从1950年代到1970年代,浙江农村义务教育经历了由萌芽、发展到兴盛的过程。与此同时,浙江农村民办小学则伴随着浙江农村合作化及人民公社化运动经历了由萌芽、发展到逐渐消亡的过程。一兴一衰,成为共和国历史的最好注脚。当前,中国农村义务教育仍未能摆脱其弱势地位。对建国后30年浙江农村义务教育的历史考察,有助于我们建立一种更公正、合理的教育机制,以提升"境况最差的成员"的生命质量。     

金华市特殊教育现状的调查研究

特殊教育是对残疾人的一种教育,是社会的人本、民主、公平的反映,是国家及其文明程度的一个窗口。通过对浙江省金华市七所特殊教育学校现状的调查与研究,了解到近几年金华市的特殊教育有很大的发展,但是在办学规模、地理位置、师资力量、硬件设施等方面还存在不足,影响了学龄残疾儿童的入学率与特殊教育的发展速度。故立足于金华市特教的现实问题,提出具有可行性的方法与对策,促进金华市特殊教育事业更好更快的发展。     

烟捐与民变:1930年代皖北宿县乡村危机与政府控制

1932年皖北宿县因烟捐引发民变是20世纪30年代国民政府治下乡村危机频发的侧影。民变前,国家政权与乡村精英结合掌控乡村,而精英间为争夺乡村权力展开派系斗争,官民矛盾、绅民矛盾和绅士间矛盾尖锐。皖省政府依靠乡绅课征烟税,劣绅借机盘剥农民,绅民、官民矛盾激化。民变发生后,关系各方展开利益博弈,政府交替运用武力与怀柔之策控制民变,但无助于化解官民矛盾、绅民矛盾、官绅矛盾和乡绅不同派系间的利益纠葛,反致乡村危机在政府控制下被雪藏。乡村危机是国家政治、经济和社会等多元因素交互作用下产生的,并非如学界过往所认同的经济单线性诱致之结果。     

A Question of Access: Education Needs of Undocumented Children in Malaysia

In 2002, the Government of Malaysia amended the Education Act of 1996 (Act 550) to, in effect, limit access to free education to Malaysian citizens. This means that children of foreigners who do not have proper documentation but reside in Malaysia cannot attend government schools. Those affected are the children of foreign workers, asylum seekers and refugees. This paper attempts to outline the background to the education needs of Filipino children and map out existing initiatives by non-government organisations to mitigate the problems of illiteracy and poverty. It also attempts to describe the aspirations of these children in terms of education. The first section discusses the circumstances behind being undocumented in East Malaysia, while the second section describes existing local non-government organisation initiatives and the challenges such organisations face in providing free education to undocumented children. The findings are drawn from two fieldwork sessions, conducted in 2006–07 and 2013–14. Both research sessions used observation, semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions (FGD) with children aged 7–17 years in Sabah, Malaysia. This study finds that children are in a desperate situation as a result of being denied an education. While there are non-formal learning centres available in their communities, these local initiatives are insufficient to provide a clear path to education in towns and rural villages.     

Decomposing the Rural-Urban Differentials in Childhood Malnutrition in India, 1992–2006

Using data from multi-waves of the National Family Health Survey conducted in India between 1992 and 2006, this study examines the pattern of rural–urban differentials in childhood malnutrition in India over time. Furthermore, it identifies the factors responsible for the rural–urban gap in childhood malnutrition and quantifies their contribution. The result shows a considerable and widening gap in childhood malnutrition across rural–urban residence in the country over the study period. The rural–urban gap in childhood malnutrition has narrowed in a few states whereas it widened in most states over time. The economic status of the household and parental education was the most significant contributors to the rural–urban gap in childhood malnutrition in India. Based on the findings, this study suggests that to reduce the rural–urban gap in childhood malnutrition, focus should be given to the rural poor.     

抗战时期民国政府的边疆教育政策

本文从“边疆教育”概念的提出、边疆教育政策的内容、边疆教育政策的施行等三个方面对民国政府的边疆教育政策进了概要探讨。认为“边疆教育”从政策层面上言是在1935年提出的,由此引发了民国政府边疆教育政策的系列变化,并制定了特殊的政策,设置了特殊的管理机构,进而对边疆教育的发展起到了一定促进作用。     

民国时期福建乡村的华侨中小学校

近代以后,新式教育逐渐传入福建,但由于各级政府财力所限,基础教育投入不及广大乡村。而旅居海外的福建华侨返乡兴学之举则在一定程度上补其不足,为乡村的适龄儿童提供了受教育的场所,并以其兴办新学的教育实践,在长期处于落后状态的福建乡村地区发挥了重要的教育示范和导向作用,推进了新式教育在乡村的发展,一定程度上缩减了城乡教育的差距,从而富有成效地充当了福建教育现代化的先导。     

政府在投资农村社会资本中的角色定位及路径选择

本文主要探讨政府在投资农村社会资本中的角色定位及其作用路径。在投资农村社会资本的过程中,政府可以通过完善村民自治制度、培育和扶持农村民间组织、加强农村教育和培训力度等途径向农村投资社会资本,增加农村社会资本存量。     

Spatial inequality in children's schooling in Gansu,Western China: reality and challenges

China has experienced considerable economic growth following the economic reforms of 1978, while simultaneously facing dramatic increases in regional inequality. China is becoming a polarized society—a phenomenon that is at the heart of a multitude of serious problems that are threatening sustainable development, as well as social cohesion within the country. Among the key reasons for this polarization are the quality of and accessibility to basic education for children. Since the establishment of the law for nine‐year compulsory education in 1986, children's education has progressed remarkably in most parts of China. It has, however, remained persistently problematic in the western provinces, particularly in remote regions, rural areas and minority communities. Even though some studies on child education in China have been carried out, very little existing research examines spatial inequality in children's schooling or accounts for the importance of sociocultural and geographic contexts. Using the example of Gansu, one of the poorest provinces in Western China, our research emphasizes the two main aspects that have led to high nonschooling rates for children: an unfavourable sociocultural milieu and inadequate educational resources.     

The working and living conditions of college-educated rural migrants in China

In the past one and a half decades, Chinese cities have witnessed an influx of college-educated rural migrants. Until now, there has been little systematic research on the working and living conditions of this growing population. The objective of this paper is to empirically examine similarities and differences in living conditions between college-educated rural migrants, non-college-educated rural migrants, and local urban workers. The data are from the 2010 National Health and Family Planning Commission Survey of China’s migrant population. Our study has produced several findings. First, the monthly income of college-educated rural migrants is significantly higher than that of non-college-educated rural migrants and is similar to that of college-educated local urban workers. However, less-educated rural migrants earn more than local urban workers with similar levels of education. Second, while college-educated rural migrants work fewer hours than non-college-educated rural migrants, they work longer hours than their local urban counterparts. Third, local urban workers receive greater social benefits than college-educated rural migrants, whose benefits are better than those of non-college-educated rural migrants. Overall, while college-educated rural migrants enjoy more favourable working and living conditions than non-college-educated rural migrants, they remain disadvantaged when compared to urban workers with a similar level of education. These findings highlight the insurmountable institutionalised exclusion and discrimination that imposes significant barriers on rural-origin people to reap the benefits of higher education.