Paradigms of participation in the National Council for Culture and Arts: challenges on representation,recognition, access to creation and reception in post-dictatorship Chilean public cultural policy

The National Council for Culture and Arts (NCCA) is the public agency responsible for the implementation of cultural policies in Chile. It was created in 2003 as part of a group of public organisms designed to promote democracy in post-dictatorship Chile, and its objectives include the encouragement of citizen participation in the national culture. This paper aims to call into question the scope and limits of citizen participation in the Chilean cultural field, through a systematisation of paradigms implicitly developed by the NCCA. Those paradigms include participation on the political level, the creation of symbols, recognition of cultural manifestations and access to reception and symbolic appropriation. It identifies challenges of these paradigms regarding representation, recognition, access to creation and reception of cultural manifestations.     

Science as culture and leisure: cultural policy,industry and scientific culture in the Canadian context

Government ministries of industry have long been promoters, co‐producers and even sometimes producers of cultural policy – from local and regional development strategies to initiatives that fund cultural organizations to support emerging fields such as the technological arts. This article explores the relationship between cultural policy‐making, science museums and industry ministries in Canada. More specifically, this article investigates the emergence and institutionalization of scientific culture policy as a result of advocacy by science centres in the 1980s. Beyond the delineation of scientific culture as a field and of the contribution of industry ministries to cultural policy, this article highlights the entrepreneurial strategies of cultural organizations and their impact on policy and facilities, thus suggesting that cultural organizations are not just passive instruments of social regulation and reform.     

Collaboration and Culture: Organizational Culture and the Dynamics of Collaborative Policy Networks

This paper presents a theory of the role of culture in collaborative policy networks. It builds on the literature that analyzes the factors related to the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of collaborative arrangements by demonstrating the importance of hitherto undertheorized cultural factors. Cultural theory indicates that actors with different cultural viewpoints have distinct and predictable biases in terms of their expectations of collaboration and their preferences concerning how collaborative policy networks are structured. These biases, in turn, shape how collaborative partners are chosen and how collaborative relationships are maintained over time. The theory is illustrated with a case study of the rise and dissolution of a coalition within a housing policy network in Los Angeles. The case illustrates that cultural differences can impede collaboration even when organizations share similar policy goals.     

Commentary: Visual Cultures,Publication Technologies,and Legitimation in the Life Sciences**

This paper comments on five articles in the special issue “Circulating Images in the Life Sciences.” It sees the papers as unified by two themes. The first is their attention to the processes of legitimation. The second is the embedding of the images in textual cultures, which changed over time from the mid-nineteenth century to the very recent past, most notably with the recent advent of digital culture.     

Artists and policy-making: the English case

The 1980 UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of the Artist emphasised the importance of including artists in the policy-making process. However, 30 years later, evidence suggests that artists often have only marginal involvement in the policy-making of UNESCO member states. This paper explores how visual artists in England relate to arts policy-making. An overview is provided of how artists fared in arts policy during the 50 years following the creation of the Arts Council of Great Britain (ACGB) in 1946. A more detailed account is then given of how visual artists featured in the policy-making of Arts Council England (ACE) and the Department for Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) during the period of the New Labour government, 1997–2010. The conclusion is drawn that, despite an official rhetoric which claimed artists occupied a priority position within English arts policy during this period, in reality artists continued to lack visibility and influence.     

The creation of a Ministry of Culture: towards the definition and implementation of a comprehensive cultural policy in Peru

In June 2010, a Ministry of Culture was created in Peru, raising many questions regarding the ability of this new administrative structure to effectively implement a comprehensive cultural policy, which has been lacking so far, for the Peruvian State has based its previous policies almost exclusively on the preservation of cultural heritage. The Ministry inherits the flaws of the National Institute of Culture, and must address various challenges: the improvement of heritage management; the inclusion of indigenous populations in a never established national identity; a renewed scheme of promotion of the arts and incentives to cultural industries. The article discusses possible policy options for the new ministry, evidences the needs for a renovation of bureaucratic culture within the ministry, for clarification in the objectives set to the Ministry and for more comprehensive data about cultural practices in Peru.     

魏晋南朝的军府管理与地方变乱

魏晋南朝地方军政官的频繁变乱是个值得研究的问题。其原因主要在于:军府长官在获得财富方面具有先天之利,名义上属于国家的地方财富常常会被越轨的军政长官挪作私用。当时以“节”为发兵符信,但是诏书与尚书符都很容易被伪造,朝廷无法防止地方军政官擅自募兵、兴兵。中央也曾对军府内部士兵、府僚、属州刺史与军府长官之间过于亲密的关系进行干预,并且加以种种规定。但这些规定具有矛盾性,而且这种矛盾性又总是向有利于军府长官的方向转化。中央一直向军府派驻有各种监察性质的官员,但这种官员在身份和地位上又从属于府主,有听命于府主的义务。     

中西方人格思想差异的文化探析

本文对中西方的人格思想及社会行为方式中的人格意识进行分析,探明两者人格思想差异的文化原因,论证中西方特权意识与平等意识、尚德意识与尚智意识、依附意识与独立意识的人格意识差异存在的历史必然。     

Intellectuals,nationalism, and the arts

In this article we argue that the role of intellectuals was essential (1) in the formation of Finnish cultural policy and (2) for the development of national cultural administration and public arts subsidy system in the country in the period leading up to the Second World War. The actions of the intellectuals can be considered as political choices in a contingent socio‐political realm, and arts as an essential part of the signifying system. In Finland, intellectuals remained active in the intertwining areas between the state and civil society. We highlight the impact of their actions especially through a study of archival materials obtained from the State Arts Boards. At these Boards, the intellectuals served as representatives of their own fields of arts in general, and of certain professional and civic associations and societies in particular. These intellectuals acted in various roles depending on the subject matter at hand, and as a result the decisions made by the boards reflected predominantly the interests of some groups over those of others.     

新中国成立初期“团结中西医”方针的确立

新中国成立初期,第一届全国卫生工作会议制定了团结中西医的卫生工作方针。但是在执行中,却出现了歧视限制中医的错误倾向。毛泽东和中共中央及时发现和纠正了这一错误倾向,使团结中西医的卫生工作方针得到了全面落实。毛泽东和中共中央的相关论述及措施对中医药事业的发展具有重要的历史意义和现实意义。     

Resource and environmental management: connecting the academy with practice

The rewards and challenges related to a research program that involves interactions between basic and applied research are shared. Specific experience is examined regarding integrated water resource management, capacity enhancement in developing countries and writing textbooks. Key lessons include the manner in which applied research and practice inform and enhance basic research, the role of theoretical and conceptual frameworks in guiding applied research, the need to understand the distinction between multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary models and the importance of facilitating evolution from visions, strategies and plans to action.     

Parents and policy under New Labour: a case study of the United Kingdom's new deal for lone parents

Within the context of neo-liberal economic policy, and triggered by the looming demographic crisis of an ageing society, a cornerstone of the policies aimed at parents of the previous New Labour administrations in the UK ‘encouraged’ parents to take up paid work or to make themselves ‘work-ready’ to provide the skills to compete in a globalised labour market. Underpinned by a belief that most citizens should be in a position to participate in the paid labour market, government rhetoric actively perpetuated a normative code of economic participation in a political climate that appeared to increasingly marginalise and denigrate the work of social reproduction. Notions of good parenting and, in particular, good mothering were variously tied to (re)employment, financial independence and offering a productive role model to children. ‘Good parenting’ was supported by a host of policies which aimed to enable parents to take financial responsibility for their families, ensuring their children did not grow up in poverty. In this paper, I consider the impact on parents and children of one of the key policies aimed at parents to come out of the UK in the last decade: ‘The New Deal for Lone Parents’. In doing so this article will highlight the role that economic and fiscal concerns have had in shaping the direction of policies aimed at parents in the UK. Drawing on empirical work which sought to explore the views of parents and their children of welfare reform, it will also argue that policy-makers must engage with children when developing policies aimed at parents.     

秩序与生产:新区土改中的政策表达

随着革命胜利和新中国的建立,发展生产力和工业化成为战略目标,由此新区土改的重心体现了从"翻身"到"秩序"和"生产"的转向。针对新区农村地权分配和阶级划分的复杂情况,党和政府对于相关政策进行了认真的调查,作出了周密的规定和详细的阐释,各地政府还根据中央的法令对土改政策作了灵活的、符合实际的调整,稳定了社会秩序,促进了农业生产。     

建国初期的社会变迁与党对思想文化的整合

1949～1956年中国经历了急速的社会经济政治变迁。为了解决由此变迁带来的种种思想文化问题,保证中国先进文化的前进方向,党对思想文化进行了有力的整合。通过这种整合,确立了马克思主义在思想文化领域的主导地位,丰富了中国社会变迁的历史内涵。     

黄河中下游地区新石器时代文化谱系的动态思考

在黄河中下游地区,大体存在四个以名山为中心的文化圈,即以华山为中心的华山文化圈,以嵩山为中心的嵩山文化圈,以太行山为中心的太行山文化圈和以泰山为中心的泰山文化圈,它们同时并存又相互影响,相对独立又渐趋融合,在华夏集团的形成和中国古代文明化进程中始终起着主导作用。     

The technical is political: settler colonialism and the Australian Indigenous policy system

Contemporary Australian Indigenous policy changes rapidly and regularly fails to deliver its stated aims. Additionally, political and social relationships between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the Australian state remain complex and contested. This article draws on critical Indigenous theory, alongside the increasingly influential scholarly paradigm of settler colonialism, to draw these two elements together. It highlights the ongoing nature of colonial conflict, and the partisan nature of state institutions and processes. While policy is usually framed as a depoliticised, technical practice of public management for Indigenous wellbeing, I suggest that it also seeks to ‘domesticate’ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, perform their dysfunction and demonstrate state legitimacy. This is especially the case in Australia, which has a long tradition of framing domestic welfare policy – rather than legal agreements – as the ‘solution’ to settler colonial conflict.     

元代籍没妇女的命运与籍没妻孥法的行废

籍没法是元代刑法中的一种附加刑,是指没收犯者的全部或部分资产甚至包括犯者的妻孥和奴婢以充公。籍没妻孥的处境相当悲惨,他们一部分成为官奴隶,到官营匠局劳作;一部分被转赐为私人奴隶,其中一些妇女则被官府指配为他人妻妾。籍没妻孥本是蒙古人的传统习俗,元代一直沿袭不辍。元文宗朝,由于燕铁木儿对上都派政敌采取大规模的籍没行动,社会上要求废止籍没妻孥的呼声十分高涨,统治者不得不做出政策修改,并于元顺帝朝基本废止此法。籍没妻孥法的行废,实质反映的是蒙汉两种不同文明在政治、文化、思想意识、道德观念等领域的一场冲突和较量,其结果是汉法对蒙古旧法斗争的一次局部性胜利。这一结果对明初法律的制定也产生了重要影响。     

民国时期河南水旱灾害及其政府应对

民国时期是河南水旱灾害频繁发生的时期,不仅灾害出现的频率高,而且灾害的强度也非常大。为了应对灾害,政府采取了不同程度的应对措施。事实证明,没有政府的救灾措施,灾害的影响是不可想象的。一个转型中的政府越来越有力地确立自己在赈灾过程中的主导性地位。     

清末民初城市的"公共休闲"与"公共时间"

城市近代工商业的发展是市民生活城市化、社会化、公共化的自然要求和必然结果,是市民生活公共领域的重要组成部分,也为民间社团、学会活动及公众集会、演说、演出等公共活动提供了条件。这一时期群众性的政治活动和文化活动剧烈频繁的壮观局面,使人们思想交流和互动空前频繁,形成日益趋同的思想变革节奏和价值取向,成为清末民初政治鼎革的社会文化基础。这是近代公民社会公共领域所形成的社会文化效应。