张作霖父子与“满蒙铁路悬案交涉”

所谓“满蒙铁路悬案交涉”,是指日本在20世纪二三十年代为完成“经营满洲”扩大铁路权限同张作霖、张学良父子就满蒙铁路权益问题所进行的有关路权外交。关于“满蒙铁路悬案”的交涉,一直贯穿于张氏父子主政东北的始终,在张氏父子对日关系中占有重要的一页。探究张氏父子与“满     

张作霖与“二十一条”交涉

袁世凯与日本签订的“二十一条”涉及东北条款甚多 ① ,谈判期间 ,北洋政府征询东三省意见 ,时任民国二十七师师长的“张作霖独排众议 ,表示强烈反对并拒绝军官会议的决议 ,也不参加主和派的行列” ,并致电北洋政府 :“中日交涉丝毫不可让步 ,如交涉破裂 ,愿率全师进行决战 ,驱逐日寇 ,否则一死殉国。”② “二十一条”签订后 ,由于中国人民的反抗和列强对日本独占中国阴谋的反对 ,并未能立即执行。 1 91 6年 4月 ,张作霖出任奉天督军兼省长后 ,面对日本要求在东北兑现“二十一条”的外交攻势 ,仍然持抵制态度。对他的这种态度 ,以往著述极…     

张作霖与郑家屯事件

1916年8月13日在中国东北爆发的郑家屯事件,是日本趁西方列强忙于第一次世界大战之机,妄图以军事暴力压迫中国承认其二十一条,进而吞并“满蒙”,所实施的一个严重的侵华步骤,是15年后日本制造的“九一八”事变的一次预演。在这次震惊中外的中日交涉中,时任奉天省督军兼省长的张作霖对于日本     

简析中日关于《二十一条》中的铁路交涉

１９１５年初,日本向民国北京政府提出的《二十一条》是其侵华野心的大暴露。过去一般认为,日本侵华的重点是满蒙。其实,从日本侵华的野心来看,此时,它侵华的重点应是在中国关内,而非东北。本文试以中日《二十一条》中的铁路交涉为例,说明这一点。在《二十一条》中,日本就关内的烟潍路和扬子江铁路网提出了建筑权要求,日本觊觎这两项铁路建筑权,并非始于《二十一条》,而史学界对其由来,一直未有论述。因此,有必要追溯中日以前关于这两项铁路建筑权交涉的情况。一扬子江铁路,泛指长江中下游的铁路网计划。它不是单指一条铁路,…     

势力范围秩序变动与日本的“‘满蒙’优越地位说”(1905—1922)

19世纪末列强开始在华构筑势力范围，并形成了以划分势力范围为重要特征的势力范围秩序。日俄战争之后，日本开始在中国东北等地区扩张，并形成了一套“‘满蒙’优越地位说”,为其侵略行为制造理论依据。由于在华盛顿会议之前，列强普遍认可在华构筑势力范围的行为，故而日本将自己在东北等地的扩张行为解释为势力范围扩张，以图获得列强的承认。起初，日本通过与英国、俄国和法国达成协约的形式，获得了列强对其在华势力范围的认可。而在“二十一条”交涉、巴黎和会、新四国借款团成立，以及华盛顿会议之后，日本在华构筑势力范围逐渐违法化。日本便脱离势力范围秩序这一解释框架，转而从其他角度论述自己与“满蒙”所谓的特殊关系，继续构建新的“‘满蒙’优越地位说”。     

郭松龄倒戈反奉的台前幕后

1915年5月,一心想圆皇帝梦的袁世凯,与日本签定了丧权辱国的《二十一条》。正当日本人踌躇满志地按照《二十一条》规定要在东北安插警察时,时任二十七师师长的张作霖却认为,接受了《二十一条》就等于亡国了,因而极力反对这一项不平等条约。当年张作霖的司机车宝书回忆道：“他（指张作霖）给日本方面一个通知,叫他们在接到通知的第二天12点以前把在东北的侨民全撤走;过了12点,对他们的生命财产就不负任何责任。日本领事说他这是准备开火,问他要打多少年,是不是打15年？张作霖说：‘没年头。头天开仗,第二天把我张作霖打死,我就…     

从“满蒙铁路交涉”看日奉关系

从“满蒙铁路交涉”看日奉关系任松近年有学者认为本世纪２０年代日奉关于满蒙铁路交涉是日奉矛盾冲突的产物,并进而引起日奉矛盾关系的激化。笔者对此种见解不敢苟同,下面谈几点看法。一、日奉勾结实施“满蒙五路”计划所谓“满蒙铁路”,即指“满蒙五路”、“满蒙四路...     

清末中朝日"间岛问题"交涉之原委

所谓“间岛”,位于图们江以北,自古属中国领土,然其地名为朝鲜人所造,我国无其名。1712年中朝勘立定界碑之后,围绕“间岛”归属间题,朝方不断挑起事端,成了清末中朝两国边界谈判的一个焦点。20世纪初日本接制朝鲜的军事和外交权之后,“间岛”问题被日帝所利用,成为其攫取满蒙许多权益的交易品。腐败无能的清政府,与日交涉中步步退让,付出巨大的代价才换取了日帝对“间岛”是中国领土的最终承认。     

“二十一条”最后通牒的时限

1915年1月18日,日本驻华公使日置益晋见袁世凯,当面递交了日本旨在独占中国的“二十一条”要求。此后,由于国内反日爱国运动日益高涨,加之其他原因,中日交涉一路坎坷,谈判无结果。4月26日,日本政府提出修正案,5月7日,以“最后通牒”的方式,辅之以武力恫吓,胁迫袁世凯就范。     

从"满蒙领有论"到"大东亚共荣圈"--对日本殖民扩张主义的再认识

本对从“满蒙领有论”到建立满洲国的原因、背景、过程,以及“大东亚共荣圈”构想的形成、其内容和范围的演变,作了历史的分析,并以此为基础,指出了二的内在联系。本作认为：1、从占有“满蒙”变成建立“满洲国”。是日本军国主义为了实现整个扩张计划而作的策略调整;2、“大东亚共荣圈”的内容和范围．并非一成不变。其演变同二战前国际局势的变化密切相关;3、和赤裸裸的扩张计划相比,“大东亚共荣圈”不仅具有隐蔽性和欺骗性的特征。而且是日本各种侵略扩张的综合体现。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.