Cultural Tourism: Marketing Challenges and Opportunities for German Cultural Heritage

Because of the generally precarious state of public finance in Germany, at federal, state and community levels, expenditure for cultural purposes is being reduced constantly. Therefore, cultural institutions such as heritage sites are virtually compelled to find additional sources of funding to improve their financial situation and ensure their long‐term survival. One of the more suitable means of increasing the revenue situation on an ongoing basis is to improve and expand the cultural tourism offerings. Despite this significance of cultural tourism, an empirical study established that German heritage sites have by no means exploited the real potential of cultural tourism in a comprehensive manner. Thus, the objective of this paper is, on the basis of a well‐founded delineation of the concept and demand‐side situation, to demonstrate the potential success factors for developing cultural tourism and to do so from a marketing perspective.     

Global Climatic Change: the Difficulties of Assessing Impacts

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, initiated in 1988, is complete, was debated at the Second World Climate Conference in November, 1990 and was subsequentty submitted to the United Nations General Assembly. IPCC: (i) asserted the reality of humanity's disturbance of the natural climate system; (ii) demanded studies to improve our knowledge of processes vulnerable to climatic changes: and (iii) called for policy responses to mitigate and adapt to these changes. Two fundamental issues are: how will global climatic change affect natural resources and human population and how will the impetus towards policy responses, particularly greenhouse gas emission reduction treaties, affect industry, the economy and trade? A necessary first step in the highly desirable and geographical aspiration of striving to link numerical climate modelling to the predictions of socioeconomic systems is increased awareness and improved understanding of current physical and social models. In this paper I review the status of numerical climatic modelling especially as it pertains to scenarios of the effects of human-enhanced greenhouse warming. These projections are of futures which are themselves the result of socio-economic predictions. Development of appropriate adaptive strategies depends crucially upon improved simulation of the continental near-surface climate and on improved spatial resolution of climate models by at least two orders of magnitude. Such increased resolution is likely to demand a thousandfold increase in computing power. The physical results of global climatic change are likely to be less significant than the social and economic effects resulting from international agreements on emission reduction Recent shifts in international research and policy responses place today's studies of global climatic change firmly at the focus of human-environment interactions and hence at the core of modern geography.     

开封城墙的历史沿革及其影响

一　城墙的历史沿革开封城墙始建于唐德宗建中二年 (781 )。时任永平军节度使兼汴州刺史的李勉自宋州来汴州 ,对南北朝时的汴州城进行了大规模的“重筑”(明·李濂 :《汴京遗迹志》卷之一《宋京城》) ,这次重筑又被称之为“筑罗城”(《太平寰宇记》卷一《东京·开封府》) 。主要是将汴州城的南壁往南扩充 ,把汴河围入城内。贞元十四年 (798)董晋接任宣武军节度使后 ,又增筑了两个水门 ,汴州城得以完备。这次重筑之规模是较大的 ,周回达 2 0里 1 5 5步 (周宝珠 :《宋代东京研究》,河南大学出版社 ,1992年 ) ,奠定了今日开封城墙的基础。五代 …     

Intellectuals,Economic Reform and Social Change: Constraints and Opportunities in the Formation of a Nigerian Technocracy

Crisis and economic reforms have changed the status of intellectuals and their relations with dominant élites and policy makers. Because of the technical and ideological nature of these reforms, policy makers have tended to rely on intellectuals as opposed to bureaucrats to shape the agenda of change. This has converted a large number of intellectuals into technocrats and undermined the fabric of academic life in universities. Nowhere is this more pronounced than in developing countries with a large middle class and an economic or financial base that ensures some degree of independence from the multilateral financial institutions. Understanding the success or failure of economic reforms in developing countries requires some analysis of the complex relations between technocrats and political leaders and the societal constraints both sets of actors face. This article explores these issues in the context of Nigeria, whose academic community, bureaucrats and professionals grew in leaps and bounds in the 1970s, following an oil-induced boom. The crisis of the 1980s led to attempts at economic reform and a highly programmed strategy of political change in which academics played a leading role. The article examines the effectiveness of intellectuals in government, and compares the Nigeria case with technocratic experiments in Ghana, Botswana and Côte d?Ivoire.     

Resilience and Non-Linear Change in Island Tourism

Abstract

Perhentian Kecil, located off the east coast of peninsular Malaysia, is predominantly a small-scale tourism destination, specifically for backpackers and independent travellers. Against the context of an aggressive drive by the state government to remove small-scale tourism development in favour of formal and high-end resorts, this paper examines the local responses to the exogenous factors that had threatened the equilibrium, and hence sustainability, of the tourism systems on the island. The paper draws upon a longitudinal study with multiple visits over an extended period since the mid-1990s. Using insights from Resilience Theory, the paper argues that this island destination is an example of non-linear change rather than conventional resort evolution. The paper also discusses how the authors – as researchers – had to realign their research framework and approach to take into consideration the growing complexities of tourism development in small island destinations.     

奥运会对北京旅游的排挤效应及河南旅游的机遇与对策

旅游业是2008年北京奥运会最大的经济受益点,无论在奥运设施建设期间还是比赛期间来京旅游的人数都会大幅度增长,北京旅游市场将出现“过饱和”状态,奥运会对北京旅游的“排挤效应”也会凸现出来。本文认为,北京奥运会期间应该适当分散在京的国内外游客,以避免该时段因北京旅游市场过于拥挤而产生负面影响。本文进而提出,河南省应该利用奥运会对北京旅游的“排挤效应”,制定相应对策,发展本省旅游业。     

去工业化:旅游发展对桂林工业部门的影响研究

旅游发展对目的地工业部门的影响迄今为止尚处于争议之中.本文运用VAR协整分析、格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应函数和方差分解等动态经济计量分析方法对桂林市旅游发展与工业增加值比重变化之间的关系进行了实证研究.研究结果表明,在经济不受任何干预的条件下,旅游业的扩张将挤出目的地工业投资资本,转移工业劳动力而造成工业增长水平的下降,给目的地带来去工业化效应;但旅游发展带来的价格效应不明显.旅游目的地可以通过制定产业政策对生产要素的流动方向进行控制,以有效地避免旅游发展带来的去工业化问题.     

Modelling Resource Values and Climate Change Impacts to Set Preservation and Research Priorities

ABSTRACT

Climate change impacts will increase in their frequency and severity in the coming decades, resulting in compromised integrity or destruction of thousands of heritage resources. Efforts are needed to identify, record, and study resources that will be affected. To set research and preservation priorities, the vulnerability of resources to climate change impacts and their importance to scientific research, preservation, and other resource values needs to be understood. We advocate a modelling approach which predicts the location, timing, and severity of climate change impacts; identifies resources at risk, their resource values, and opportunity costs; and prioritises research and preservation options based on these assessments. The need for this approach is illustrated with examples from two coastal areas subject to different impacts and hosting different types of heritage resources: the Atlantic coast of Georgia in the United States and the Wismar Bight along the Baltic Sea in northern Germany.