Ancient “Red Cliff” battlefield: a historical-geographic study

The famous battle of Chibi, or “battle of Red Cliff”, took place in 208 CE, the 13^th year of the Jian’an period of the Eastern Han dynasty. This paper holds that the whole battle consisted of three inseparable stages, namely the initial clash at Chibi, the chase battle to Wulin, and Cao Cao’s disorganized escape along Huarong Road. The Red Cliff battlefield thus extended across a distance of more than 300 li (150km). Even if the Chibi where the initial military engagement took place (that is, Chiji Hill, southwest of Wuchang in modern Wuhan City) has already disappeared, it should be restored to its proper historical position. The chase battle along the Yangzi River came to an end at Wulin, across the river is Chibi Hill in today’s Chibi City. Although this Chibi is not the Chibi where the initial combat took place, it nonetheless forms an integral part of the ancient Chibi battlefield as a whole. The Huarong Road along which Cao Cao escaped runs through the middle of today’s Jianghan Plain. Finally, the text aims to show that Chibi (Red Nose) Hill in modern Huangzhou City has nothing to do with the Chibi of the “battle of Red Cliff.” __________ Translated from: Fudan Xuebao 复旦学报: 社会科学版 (Fudan Journal, Social Sciences), No.3, 2004, by Han Zhaoqing and Fabien Simonis. Han Zhaoqing thanks Merrick Lex Berman for his help in revising this version     

虎丘塔的维修加固与变形测量

对虎丘塔的沉降、位移、层面倾斜等指标进行了测量,进而了解塔体的结构趋向变化。经过维修加固,虎丘塔塔体倾斜得到控制,现在塔体变化趋于稳定状态。     

戴维·J.希尔和他的《欧洲外交史》

活跃在19、20世纪之交的美国传奇式人物戴维·J.希尔集多种身份于一身,而他最为后人记取的是他在国际关系学科领域的开创性成就。他所著的《欧洲外交史》三卷,是欧美学界的第一部国际关系史通史著作,极大地推动了19、20世纪之交欧美国际关系学科的兴起。该著作既清晰描绘了1800多年间欧洲政治的宏观轨迹,又生动展示了欧洲国际关系进程的丰富画面。它具有以下几个突出的特点:对历史主线的精当把握、对历史偶然因素的深刻揭示、对文献资料的广泛挖掘以及清新活泼的写作手法。这些特点使该著作成为国际关系史学的不朽经典。     

徐州北洞山楚王墓墓主考

北洞山楚王墓未见标准四铢半两铜钱,故其年代下限早于铸行四铢半两的文帝五年;该墓出土印章非楚故县官员在葬礼中的赗赙,据地名为景帝前元三年(公元前154年)前楚国所属判断,该墓早于此年。根据对狮子山、驼篮山的墓主及楚国世系考察,推测北洞山楚王墓墓主为楚元王刘交,墓葬建于刘交受封之后,刘交去世后下葬。     

山西吉县挂甲山摩崖造像调查简报

2007年的调查发现,造像分布密集,范围不大,保存较好。雕凿手法有高浮雕、浅浮雕和线雕。龛窟可分五组:第一组有3个龛和1个题记,第二组有3个龛和4个题记,第三组有1个龛和3个题记,第四组有2个龛和4个题记,第五组有2个龛和2个题记。根据造像的特点等推断,其年代为北齐至宋金时期。     

湖北省鄂州五里墩出土孙吴时期“红色粉状物”的测试分析

利用X射线荧光（XRF）,红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线衍射（XRD）等方法对湖北省鄂州市五里墩M2墓葬出土孙吴时期的红色物质进行了分析,结果表面这种红色物质主要是超细的朱砂粉料与油脂等的混合物,结合考古资料推测可能是调制的古代化妆品;其制作工艺是：从矿石中选出朱砂,研磨成很细的粉状,加入油脂（或许还加入了白色的高岭土）调和成膏状。本研究结果不但为该墓葬分析提供重要考古信息,对古代朱砂质化妆品的相关研究也有借鉴和参考作用。     

‘The languor of the hot weather’: everyday perspectives on weather and climate in colonial Bombay, 1819–1828

This study provides an historical perspective on everyday experiences of weather and climate, through an analysis of the diaries of two colonial figures in Bombay, western India, in the 1820s: Mountstuart Elphinstone (the then Governor) and Lucretia West (the wife of the Chief Justice). The paper explores the ways in which climate impacted upon their daily routine and health, and discusses evidence for the influence of wider climatic narratives within their writings. Climate played a dominant and complex role within colonial discourse, providing both a barrier to colonisation, and a justification for European governance over populations that had become ‘degenerate’ through their exposure to tropical climates. Both of the diaries evidence this influence of climate within the colonists’ daily lives, but demonstrate the differing responses to climate based on the two diarists’ social positions. Mountstuart Elphinstone, in particular, had a strong sense of the impact of climate upon his health, in keeping with contemporary medical beliefs equating climate with physical wellbeing. The paper provides evidence of the evolution of acclimatisation discourse during the early nineteenth century, and suggests that European beliefs concerning tropical climates were changing simultaneously within both the medical establishment and the wider colonial community. The paper also explores the medical excursions that the diarists took to towns in the Western Ghats. It is apparent that their experiences of the climate in such towns were influenced by their prior expectations, a theme which resonates with discourses of climate in our own times.     

A new Cenozoic cyclostome bryozoan genus from Argentina and New Zealand: strengthening the biogeographical links between South America and Australasia

Taylor, P.D. & Brezina, S., February 2018. A new Cenozoic cyclostome bryozoan genus from Argentina and New Zealand: strengthening the biogeographical links between South America and Australasia. Alcheringa XX, xx–xx. ISSN 0311-5518.

Uniserial encrusting cyclostome bryozoans (‘stomatoporiforms’) are especially challenging to study taxonomically because of the paucity of their morphological characters. Here we introduce Axilosoecia gen. nov. for two previously undescribed species characterized by gonozooidal brood chambers located in the axils of branch bifurcations. The type species, Axilosoecia giselae sp. nov., comes from the upper, Danian part of the Roca Formation of La Pampa, Argentina; the second species, Axilosoecia mediorubiensis sp. nov., is from the lower Miocene of Southland, New Zealand. On account of its basal gonozooids, Axilosoecia is assigned to the family Oncousoeciidae despite similarities in colony form with Stomatoporidae. The two known occurrences of this new genus support previously suggested biogeographical links between southern South America and Australasia.

Paul D. Taylor, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK [p.taylor@nhm.ac.uk]; Soledad Brezina, Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Unidad de doble dependencia, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Roca 1242, R8332FDJ, General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina [sbrezina@unrn.edu.ar].     

提升青海企业核心竞争力的思考

核心竞争力是企业实现科学发展的关键。面对激烈的市场竞争,青海企业普遍缺乏核心竞争力。在经济飞速发展的今天,青海企业要发展,必须加快转变发展方式,不断提升企业核心竞争力。     

An X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) investigation in human and animal fossil bones from Holocene to Middle Triassic

We examined by Rietveld refinement of X-ray Diffraction patterns a series of 61 human and animal fossil bones in an age range from present time to Middle Triassic (around 245 Ma). This approach, supplemented by elemental analysis according to X-ray Fluorescence, has permitted to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the mineralogical phases in the specimens, thus allowing to reconstruct the mineralization process involved. Concerning the apatite phase, after adopting a monoclinic geometry for the unit cell, the method permits to determine with fair degree of precision the unit cell volume, which is found to decrease in relatively short geological times as a function of the fluorine substitution process for the hydroxyl group –OH. After excluding the role of a high-temperature fire treatment to the bones, it is found that a certain linear correlation may exist over the geological time scale involved between the age of the specimen and the average crystallite size. This observation permits to use the XRD pattern as an evaluation of the age of the fossil, although the stratigraphic observations, where available, remain as the main reliable source for dating such biomaterials. The uncertainty related to this age estimation may be hardly better than 15–20% in absolute, because of various assumptions involved in the XRD methodology used and in the variability of the burial environment that may be subjected to discontinuous changes over the very long time of deposition.     

Surface Rotations on and Around a Semi-Parabolic Canyon in an Elastic Half-Space Induced by Out-of-Plane SH-Waves,I: Torsion

The surface displacement amplitudes excited by out-of-plane SH waves on and around a semi-parabolic canyon had solution that was introduced over twenty years ago. In 2015, such solution was updated to much (5 times) higher frequencies, using a transformation involving the Wronskian. The same excitations also introduce rotations on and around the parabolic canyon. This article is the first of two that discuss the torsional component of rotations, with the rocking components discussed in the subsequent article. The rotational amplitudes of motions, as much as the displacement amplitudes, play an important role in studying the surface responses of structures, and can lead to a better understanding of the behavior of surface topographies in the event of seismic excitation.     

南京市江宁区胡村南朝墓

2001年9月,在南京市区北部的郭家山西麓发掘了三座东晋时期砖室墓。根据 M12发现的温式之墓志,可以确认此处为东晋名臣温峤的家族墓地。温氏家族墓的发现,对研究东晋早期大型穹隆顶砖室墓的形制、墓葬等级、墓主身份及丧葬制度等提供了重要资料,也为寻找东晋帝陵的位置提供了重要的线索。     

Correspondence

EUROPE

The Scotland of Our Fathers. By Elizabeth S. Haldane. London : A. Maclehose and Co., 1933. Price 18s. 6d. net.

Fifty Tears and More of Sport in Scotland. By the Duke of Portland. London : Faber and Faber, 1933. Price 21s.

The Woodlands and Marshlands of England. By H. A. Wilcox. University Press of Liverpool; London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1933. Price 6s.

The Face of Scotland. By Harry Batsford and Charles Fry. London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1933. Price 7s. 6d. net.

The Charm of Brittany. By R. A. J. Walling. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1933. Price 7s. 6d.

Poland. By Roman Dyboski. London : Ernest Benn Ltd, 1933. Price 21s.

Rumania : Its History, Politics and Economics. By George Glenton Logio Manchester : Sherratt and Hughes, 1932. Price 5s.

Belgium : The Land and its People. By Clive Holland. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1933. Price 5s.

Pavements and Peaks. By Anthony Bertram. London : Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1933. Price 7s. 6d.

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My Farm in Lion Country. By Joyce Boyd. London : Hurst and Blackett Ltd., 1933. Price 12s. 6d.

AMERICA

The Explorers of North America, 1492–1806. By J. B. Brebner. London : A. and C. Black Ltd., 1933. Price 18s.

Land of Feast and Famine. By Helge Ingstad. London : Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1933. Price 16s.

From Pacific to Atlantic: South American Studies. By Kenneth G. Grubb. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1933. Price 10s. 6d.

True North. By Elliott Merrick. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933. Price 10s. 6d.

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Gold Dust and Ashes. By Ion L. Idriess. Sydney : Angus and Robertson, 1933. Price 6s.

GENERAL

Light on the Dark Continent. By Garveth Wells. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1933. Price 16s.

The Horse and the Sword. By Harold Peake and H. J. Fleure. London : Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1933. Price 5s.

The Problem of Disarmament. Edited by R. Schmidt and A. Grabowsky. Berlin : Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1933. N.p.

Nansen of Norway. By C. Turley. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1933. Price 5s.

Voyage of the “ Parma.” By A. J. Villiers. London : Geoffrey Bles, 1933. Price 25s.

Come Easy, Go Easy. By Arthur Mason. London : Jonathan Cape, 1933. Price 7s. 6d.

Far Vistas. By Sir Percival Phillips. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1933. Price 12s. 6d.

Round the World to Freedom. By Major Paul Stoffa. London : John Lane (The Bodley Head) Ltd., 1933. Price 7s. 6d.

Seaplane Solo. By Francis C. Ghighester. London : Faber and Faber, 1933. Price 10s. 6d.

Thames to Tahiti. By Sidney Howard. London : George Bell and Sons Ltd., 1933. Price 10s. 6d.

Scamper Tour to Rhodesia and South Africa. By Mrs. Maude Speed. London : Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd., 1933. Price 7s. 6d.

Trade Winds. By Louis Kornitzer. London : Geoffrey Bles, 1933. Price 10s. 6d.

Historical Geology. By Raymond C. Moore. New York : McGraw‐Hill Book Co. Inc., 1933. Price 24s.

A Political Geography of the British Empire. By C. B. Fawcett, B.Litt., D.Sc. London: University of London Press, 1933. Price 18s.

EDUCATIONAL

Economic and Social Geography. By Ellsworth Huntington, Frank E. Williams and Samuel van Valkenburg. New York and London : John Wiley and Sons, 1933. Price 23s.

The Story Atlas. Edited by John Stirling. London : Ivor Nicholson and Watson, n.d. Price 31s. 6d.

Our World To‐day. By W. R. Kermack. Edinburgh : W. and A. K. Johnston Ltd., 1933. Price 2s. 6d.

This Land of Ours. By Wm. Platt. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1933. Price 2s.     

浙江温州市瓯海杨府山土墩墓的年代及相关问题

杨府山土墩墓出土的青铜礼器、乐器和兵器的年代和性质,对探讨南方地区文化的互动、交融乃至民族的交往具有重要意义。通过对该墓所出鼎、簋、铙、短剑等的具体分析,可以断定这应是一批具有浓郁地域特色的南方系青铜器,时代应在商末周初,墓葬的年代最晚应为西周早期。     

The Pyramids—Cement or Stone?

Several samples of pyramids from Giza were obtained. The samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, electron diffraction by X-rays, powder X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasmography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and other techniques. Some scientists who have recently studied the pyramids have suggested that the pyramids were poured into place, stone by stone. The prevailing theory among Egyptologists is, of course, that the pyramids were built from blocks of natural stone. All of the results obtained during this study directly support the concept that the pyramids are made of limestone and are not cementitious in nature.     

城市银行网点及其与人口-经济活动关系的空间分析——以长春市中心城区为例

运用Arc GIS平均最近邻、核密度估计和波段集统计等方法,考察长春市中心城区银行网点空间特征和规律,以及银行网点与人口和主要经济活动的空间关系,发现:①银行网点呈明显集聚分布特征,这种集聚主要分布于商业和商务中心及新建中高档住宅小区密集地段;②银行网点核密度与其到CBD距离呈负相关,并随距离地增加呈对数衰减;③银行网点密度与人口-经济活动密度在街道甚至更小空间尺度上存在较显著的正相关;④银行网点核密度与大型商业网点和主要写字楼核密度均呈较强正相关,而与大型制造业企业核密度几乎不存在相关性,说明商业和楼宇经济空间特征对城市内部银行网点布局具有深刻影响,而制造业的微观区位对银行网点布局几乎无影响。