THE USE OF TEXTURAL PARAMETERS IN THE ANALYSIS OF CAVE SEDIMENTS

This paper considers the presentation of the results of the mechanical analysis of cave sediments, suggesting that the use of grain size parameter scatter diagrams is preferable to the older method of cumulative percentage frequency graphs. A sequence of samples was taken from an ideally-situated cave, the Badger Hole at Wookey, and first subjected to the standard soil analytical tests, followed by a detailed mechanical analysis. It is hoped that this preliminary work will encourage a more quantitative approach to granulometric analysis for archaeological purposes, leading eventually to the extraction of more precise environmental data from cave sediments.     

RQ-MODE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC COMPOSITIONAL DATA*

RQ-mode principal components analysis (PCA) is a means for calculating variable and object loadings on the same axes, so that elements can be displayed along with data points on a single diagram. The biplots resulting from RQ-mode PCA preserve both Euclidean relations among the objects and variance-covariance structure. When used with data on the chemical composition of archaeological pottery, such biplots facilitate recognizing compositional subgroups and determining the chemical basis of group separation. RQ-mode PCA is illustrated in this paper with neutron activation data on Mesoamerican Plumbate pottery.     

EVALUATION OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS I: METHODOLOGY

In this paper, a methodology is suggested and tested for evaluating the relative performance of conventional and adaptive pushover methods for seismic response assessment. The basis of the evaluation procedure is a quantitative measure for the difference in response between these methods and inelastic dynamic analysis which is deemed to be the most accurate. Various structural levels of evaluation and different incremental representations for dynamic analysis are also suggested. This method is applied on a set of eight different reinforced concrete structural systems subjected to various strong motion records. Sample results are presented and discussed while the full results are presented alongside conclusions and recommendations, in a companion paper.     

A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MISSISSIPPIAN CERAMIC VESSELS FROM TOWN CREEK

Abstract

Vessel shape, size, and use-alterations are used to identify vessel types and vessel functions among Mississippian ceramics from the Town Creek site in central North Carolina. Possible functions are discussed for vessel types, and broad distinctions are made regarding vessels that possibly were used for cooking, serving and eating, or storage. The composition of the overall vessel assemblage at Town Creek indicates that it is generally comparable with other Mississippian assemblages. A consideration of the distribution of vessel types by context allows some insights into the association of different activities with different parts of the Mississippian community at Town Creek, namely, that the mound area was associated with distinctive vessel assemblages.     

EVALUATION OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS II: COMPARATIVE RESULTS

In this paper, the methodology for evaluation of conventional and adaptive pushover analysis presented in a companion paper is applied to a set of eight different reinforced concrete buildings, covering various levels of irregularity in plan and elevation, structural ductility and directional effects. An extensive series of pushover analysis results, monitored on various levels is presented and compared to inelastic dynamic analysis under various strong motion records, using a new quantitative measure. It is concluded that advanced (adaptive) pushover analysis often gives results superior to those from conventional pushover. However, the consistency of the improvement is unreliable. It is also emphasised that global response parameter comparisons often give an incomplete and sometimes even misleading impression of the performance.     

PETROGRAPHIC MODAL ANALYSIS - A NECESSARY COMPLEMENT TO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC COARSE WARE

Bulk chemical analysis is shown to be insufficient for the archaeometric interpretation of coarse ware pottery. Accompanied by quantitative petrographic analysis of the temper much more conclusive information can be obtained at little more expense. Three small groups of prehistoric pottery from Switzerland have been examined with both techniques, showing that expensive chemical bulk analyses may be obsolete or even misleading, and in any case need further confirmation and interpretation by petrographical means. Assuming a rigorous sampling strategy, the number of analyses necessary for valid statements can be substantially reduced relative to those necessary for the statistical interpretation of bulk analyses only.     

IBERIAN CERAMIC PRODUCTION FROM BASTI (BAZA,SPAIN): FIRST GEOCHEMICAL,MINERALOGICAL AND TEXTURAL CHARACTERIZATION

Ceramic fragments from the archaeological excavation of the Iberian–Roman city of Basti (Spain) were studied from a geochemical point of view and by applying a statistical tool to X‐ray fluorescence data to discover similarities between ceramic materials. The analysis of these samples was completed by performing a mineralogical analysis, textural observation, and by characterizing the porous system and the colour of the pieces. Our results enabled us to identify the source area of the clayey raw material in the surroundings of Basti and to estimate the firing temperature of the ceramics. Differences in the chemistry were confirmed by characteristics of the pastes and the mineralogical composition of the pieces. Some samples show black cores, which would suggest the presence of organic matter in the raw material and fast firing of the ceramics. The main types of temper were quartz grains and gneiss fragments, although carbonate grains were also identified. Our evidence suggests that most of the samples were well fired. New silicate phases were found to be present in several samples. The mercury intrusion porosimetry verified and confirmed the firing temperature of non‐carbonated samples. Colorimetry showed that the colour of the ceramics varied according to the amount of CaO that they contained.     

THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ORIENTAL CERAMIC BODY COMPOSITIONS: PART 1: WARES FROM NORTH CHINA*

This paper presents the body analyses of 70 sherds of ceramics made in north China during the Late Tang and Northern Song dynasties (c. AD 80–1200). The major types represented are Ding, Xing and Cizhou-type wares. The analyses were obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry, giving information on nine major and minor constituents. These have been used to differentiate chemically between the major kiln sites in the north, with the aid of multivariate computer analysis. This has demonstrated that there are differing chemical characteristics associated with these kilns, but the study is hampered by the lack of authentic material from controlled excavations of the kiln sites.     

QUANTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIPID IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMICS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SAMPLING POTSHERDS FOR ORGANIC RESIDUE ANALYSIS AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF VESSEL USE

Organic residue analysis has been performed on 62 reconstructed vessels from a single archaeological site (Rounds, Northamptonshire, U.K.). In order to establish regions of lipid accumulation within a vessel, sherds were sampled from different parts of a vessel, for example base, body and rim, and submitted to lipid extraction procedures. The techniques of high-temperature gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were then used to analyse the sherd lipid extracts. The quantitative results obtained show differential accumulation and preservation of lipid in various parts of the same vessel. This latter observation has serious implications for the sampling of potsherds for organic residue analysis. Furthermore, the amount of absorbed lipid varies quite considerably between vessel types. On this basis, a new method is proposed for classifying vessel use by comparing the concentration of lipid present in different parts of individual vessels.     

COMPARATIVE REGIONAL POLICY IMPACT ANALYSIS: EX POST EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND*

ABSTRACT. This paper addresses the issue of ex post impact analysis of regional policies in the European Community. The analysis is both methodological and applied in nature. After a concise overview of existing impact assessment methods, a two-step approach by means of an exploratory frequency method and an explanatory rational expectations-based model is proposed in order to provide an empirical framework for cross-regional comparative evaluation of the performance of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The seope and applicability of the method is illustrated by means of a case study for Dutch regions.     

中国工业旅游发展评析:从西方的视角看中国

本从西方的视角,对世纪之交以来中国工业旅游发展的状况进行谨慎评析。探讨中国工业旅游发展独特的政经背景,以及从政务接待到商务接待的历史过程及其对工业旅游的影响。分析中国工业旅游之开发概念、价值观、供需和组织模式等多方面与西方传统产业衰落区兴起的工业旅游之不同点。初步探讨中国目前缺乏工业遗产意识的原因,以及中国工业遗产旅游开发的未来潜力。提出：中西不同的工业旅游开发模式对双方均有启迪,中西双方的学术交流也能推动中国对其历史尚短的现代工业化遗产之旅游价值的认识和实践。