To Clench or to Rivet: That is the Question

Definitions of the terms 'clench' and 'rivet' proposed by A. E. Christensen are evaluated using the etymology of those terms and recent usage. An alternative definition of 'clench', is proposed, and definitions of 'hooked nail' and 'turned nail' are introduced. It is suggested that the term 'rivet' should be restricted to ferrous fastenings used with metal plates.
© 2004 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

吃与不吃:食物体系与文化体系

人类与食物的关系不仅是生存关系,也表现出建立在其上的文化体系的互动关系。不同的文化体系对食物有着不同价值观。石器时代人类与食物的关系在今天值得我们反思,有些地方甚至值得借鉴。不同的文化体系在食物体系中创立了不同的分类制度,许多食物的文化隐喻通过仪式进行特殊的表达。人类生存与食物生态构成一种共生现象,需要格外养护。     

商代神道设教质疑

对于殷人的敬鬼事神,学界多以神道设教解释之,认为是商王为更好地教民以事君而采取的愚弄广大民众的手段,而殷人是不相信世间真有主宰世界的鬼神存在的。对这一传统观点需要重新检讨。事实上,在商代的大部分时期内,殷人对鬼神是深信不疑且顶礼膜拜的,所谓的神道设教不符合商代的实际情况。     

To binarize or not to binarize: relational data and the construction of archaeological networks

Over the last several years, network methods and models from the social and physical sciences have gained considerable popularity in archaeology. Many of the most common network methods begin with the creation of binary networks where links among some set of actors are defined as either present or absent. In most archaeological cases, however, the presence or absence of a specific kind of relationship between actors is not straightforward as we must rely on material proxies for assessing connections. A common approach in recent studies has been to define some threshold for the presence of a tie by partitioning continuous relational data among sites (e.g., artifact frequency or similarity data). In this article, using an example from the U.S. Southwest, we present a sensitivity analysis focused on the potential effects of defining binary networks from continuous relational data. We show that many key network properties that are often afforded social interpretations are fundamentally influenced by the assumptions used to define connections. We suggest that, although network graphs provide powerful visualizations of network data, methods for creating and analyzing weighted (non-binarized) networks often provide a better characterization of specific network properties.     

To Watch or Restrain: Female Convict Prisons in 19th-Century Tasmania

As institutions established to manage exiled British felons, the Tasmanian female factories consisted of four women's prisons located throughout the island colony. The material world of these institutions mediated internal power relations. Superintendents, Convict Department Officials, and the female prisoners themselves manipulated site landscapes. Today, one of these institutions remains as a managed historic site. Tourists experience a tidy and unthreatening landscape of Australia's heroic convict heritage. By juxtaposing excavated archaeological remains with public presentations of convict sites, I explore the position of female convicts from the original penal landscape to the shadows of Australian history.     

To Piss in or Piss Out: Gerrard Winstanley and the Radical's Dilemma

Abstract

‘Are we called to be prophets or pragmatists? Voices crying in the wilderness, or whisperers in the corridors of power?’ Radicals in every generation have to face the question. Gerrard Winstanley, ‘True Leveller’ leader and Christian communist, faced it in the English revolution of 1649. Was he a Utopian prophet or an early practitioner of critical engagement? ‘He was sometimes one, sometimes the other, and often both at the same time. As such, he speaks to our postmodern condition, where pragmatism is the life of all.’     

To Punish or Protect: The New Poor Law and the English Workhouse

Aimed to alleviate pauperism in nineteenth-century England, the New Poor Law of 1834 resulted in the creation of hundreds of workhouses across the English landscape. Through the workhouses’ continuing use and adaptation over nearly a 100 years, these buildings illustrate the complexities of attitudes towards, and the treatment of, the poor. In its use of the built form to understand the human experience, this research identifies the variable implementation of the policies of segregation, surveillance, and specialization to promote care and/or control. Ultimately, this multifaceted approach to the workhouse reveals how workhouse architecture reflected, and sometimes contradicted, contemporaneous attitudes towards poverty, structuring, yet not defining, a pauper’s identity.     

Introduction: Gender Interventions in Research,Teaching and Practice

This study investigates the counter-intuitive observation that older students tend to thrive better than younger students in online classes. We use a variety of measures to compare performance and attitudes of undergraduates and continuing adult professionals in separate but nearly identical class sections led by the same instructor at a US university during the same nine-month study period. Findings are consistent with theoretical predictions about differences in readiness of younger and older adults for self-directed learning experiences. Results also suggest that online educators should be proactive in stimulating younger students' participation in class discussions, and should find ways to evaluate explicitly the tacit learning that online discussion can foster.     

From Fighting Underpopulation to Curbing Population Growth: Tracing Colonial Power in German Development Interventions in Tanzania

This paper investigates how colonial power is rearticulated in policy and practice of German development cooperation in Tanzania. Drawing on archives and interviews, it analyses the emergence of interventions with regard to population control and reproductive health during Germany's colonisation of ‘German East Africa’ and compares these interventions to present-day German development assistance in Tanzania. While German policies during colonial rule addressed ‘underpopulation’ and contemporary German development aid stresses population growth to be the problem, this paper finds that racialised, gendered discourses are interconnected with the political economy of population control in both periods. It highlights that colonial power in development cooperation can only be fully comprehended by tracing the continuity of colonial discourses to material practices as well as economic interests of the Global North, and argues that critique of population politics should address population control in general – whether anti- or pro-natalist – as imbued with racism and serving the interests of capital. Such a perspective might allow us to be sensitive to possible future developments in population and reproductive health policy towards the Global South, in which antinatalist (regarding marginalised people) and pronatalist (regarding privileged people) policies run concurrently, as is the case in countries of the Global North today.     

续修县(市)志要重视村民自治的记述

村民自治是我国新时期加强基层民主政治建设的伟大探索 ,是农村经济体制改革的必然要求。续修县 (市 )志应重视此方面内容的记述 ,特别是重点记述全面推进民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督四方面内容。篇目设计要在广泛征求各方意见的基础上做到科学合理。     

To Salt or Not to Salt: A Review of Evidence for Processed Marine Products and Local Traditions in the Aegean Through Time

This article addresses the question of the production of locally processed and imported marine products in the Aegean through time, utilising zooarchaeological evidence combined with various other records when available. What is clear from this overview is that Aegean populations were familiar with processing techniques from as early as the Mesolithic period. Despite evidence for more intensive exploitation and preservation of marine resources at specific times and in specific areas, aimed at maximising the returns from seasonally abundant catches, in general preserved marine products seem to have been of limited significance to Aegean communities and they probably never constituted a significant part of the Aegean diet.     

To Sit or Not to Sit: The Supreme Court of the United States and the Civil Rights Movement in the Upper South

In the early 1960s, Ford T. Johnson Jr. was an undergraduate at Virginia Union University, a black college in Richmond, Virginia. So was his sister, Elizabeth. On Saturday, February 20, 1960, they and dozens of classmates headed downtown to participate in sit-ins directed at segregated seating arrangements at the eating venues in the department stores that lined Broad Street. What motivated the Johnsons and the other black students who participated in the sit-in that Saturday was a commitment to bring segregation to an end—beginning with the integration of downtown Richmond's lunch counters. Whether the racial discrimination imposed in those stores reflected the express mandates of state laws and city ordinances or the private decisions of various enterprises did not matter to the demonstrators. Even if integrated service had been within the law, management at lunch counters and other establishments, relying on trespass laws, would still have called upon public authorities to eject demonstrators seeking desegregation.     

To die for country, land or faith in Castilian medieval thought

This is an analysis of the concept of patria in the Castilian sources of the period between the twelfth and the fifteenth centuries. These texts show that, contrary to the opinion of Nieto Soria, patria did not have the same connotations as in other regions of the late medieval west. Until the fifteenth century at least, ‘country' and ‘land' were seen as largely synonymous in Hispanic thought. ‘To die for the land and for the faith' seems to have been the essential ideological justification for those fighting the Muslim enemy.     

续修县(市)志要重视农业产业化经营的记述

续修县 (市 )志要重视记述改革开放以来出现的新事物。农业产业化经营作为新生事物 ,是我国农业走向现代化的途径之一 ,应在续修志书篇目中有合适的位置。文章以续修《辛集市志》(稿 )为例 ,分析了续修志书记述农业产业化经营的主要内容 ;并且指出 ,在篇目设计方面 ,宜将农业产业化经营与种植业、林果业、畜牧养殖业和农机业融合在一起记述。     

旷世爱情誓言 建筑艺术瑰宝 印度泰姬陵拍摄采风

之前行走世界过程中也游历参观过一些举世闻名的世界文化遗产,但没有一处能够像印度泰姬陵那样带给我如此深的内心感动;尽管事先已经看了不少泰姬陵的摄影作品,对其背景也略有所知,但当我真真实实站在如此壮观雄伟的世界奇迹之前,还是被深深地震撼了。这就是泰姬陵,美丽和爱情的经典代名词,虽然已经经历300多年的风吹日晒,却依旧绚丽耀眼而纯洁万分。就好像印度著名诗人泰戈尔对其的动人形容:"永恒不灭的爱的泪珠"(A teardrop on the face ofeternity)。     

续志必须重视"补遗"

续志应设“补遗”门类或专项,把首轮新编志书漏记的内容补记完整。前提是指导思想要正确,明确“古…‘近”“现”和“详略…‘粗细”的概念,对诸如民国时期、抗日时期及解放后的一些重大运动的历史资料要认真记实记清。认真总结前志编纂的经验教训,科学分析其成败得失是“补遗”必不可少的工作。