旅游发展对乡村社区人际关系的影响研究——以丹霞山为例

随着旅游业的发展,一种以经济为纽带的新型乡村邻里关系正在建立,但国内学界对此缺乏关注。本文以丹霞山旅游区内的瑶塘村和断石村为案例,在确定了人际关系的衡量框架并对其可能的变化作出假设后,通过深度访谈、问卷调查的方法进行实地调研并检验假设,探讨旅游业所起的作用和影响。研究发现:除了一般认识上的负面影响,如交往时间减少、当地村民淳朴性下降等,旅游发展对人际关系还有较大正面作用,如提高了当地的文明程度、减少了村民日常交往中的摩擦、增加了新型的集体活动等。     

Voices from the Margins: Street Children's Subcultures in Indonesia

Indonesia has a proliferation of children living on the streets of its larger cities. To the state and dominant society, they are perceived as committing a social violation. In response to their marginalisation and subordination, street children in Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia, have developed a 'repertoire of strategies' in order to survive. These include the appropriation of urban niches within the city, in which they create collective solutions for the dilemmas they confront in their everyday lives. This paper discusses a street boy community that exists within these marginal spaces: the Tikyan subculture of Yogyakarta. It presents the Tikyan subculture as a technique for street children to resist the negative stereotypes which are given to them by mainstream society. As they get older and become increasingly alienated by society, the Tikyan actively reject their 'deviant' label, and decorate street life so that it becomes agreeable in their eyes. This is achieved by deviating from dominant styles of dress and conventional behaviour, and through the development of a specific symbolic identity. These symbolic challenges to the dominant culture are communicated and dispersed within the social group and conveyed to the world via the subculture's 'specialised semiotic': their style of dress; their acts of bodily subversion or dissent (in the form of tattoos, body piercing and sexual practices); the music they play and listen to; and their use of drugs and alcohol. I describe these practices as the Tikyan 's obligatory performances, and the expected ways of behaving in order to remain accepted by the group.     

Out of anonymity—A central location for 'peripheral' places through people: the contributions made by Karen Frifelt and Beatrice de Cardi to an understanding of the archaeology of the United Arab Emirates

This paper documents the contributions made by Karen Frifelt and Beatrice de Cardi to the history of archaeological research in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The events leading up to their study of the material culture from the UAE is reviewed and the effects of working in a Muslim, predominantly male society are discussed. 'We are no longer obsessed with the facts of the evidence as some kind of solid factual bedrock beyond dispute, but we put more emphasis on the manner in which material culture is 'read' by the archaeologist or appropriated in her or his discourse' ( 1 ).     

论国史研究与构建社会主义和谐社会

国史研究在构建社会主义和谐社会中的功能体现在总结正反经验、阐述已创造的条件和提供历史借鉴与理论支持;构建社会主义和谐社会是根据现实发展提出的重要战略构想,从国史研究的角度观照和谐社会不应忽视其产生的时代背景和历史方位,不必要也不应该生搬硬套现在的标准反观历史;构建社会主义和谐社会中如何正确运用辩证唯物主义的矛盾学说仍是国史研究的重要方法之一;另外,本质论和本质属性的关系,和谐社会与科学发展观的关系,坚持社会主义核心价值体系与尊重差异、包容多样的关系等理论问题也是国史研究应该关注的.     

全球化背景下我国生态安全问题及应对措施

生态安全问题是最突出的全球性问题之一,已经成为影响国家安全及人类社会整体生存安全的大问题。我国的生态安全面临着来自国内和国际两方面的双重压力,而且生态安全恶化对我国经济社会的可持续发展带来了极大的负面影响。处理这些问题时,既要从国际环境法的角度加以考虑,又要从国内环境法的角度加以防范。     

青海藏族聚居区实现长治久安的思考及对策

在现代社会,民族问题是影响国家和社会长期稳定的重要因素之一。本文对青海藏族聚居区的长治久安问题进行了客观分析并针对政府决策和执行提出了对策建议。     

Securing the World and Challenging Civil Society: Before and After the ‘War on Terror’

Following President Bush's declaration of a ‘War on Terror’ in 2001, governments around the world introduced a range of counter‐terrorist legislation, policies and practices. These measures have affected not only human rights and civil liberties but also civil society and aid frameworks. Although the Obama administration has renounced the language of the ‘War on Terror’ and taken steps to revoke aspects such as water‐boarding and the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, the bulk of the legislation and practices associated with the post‐9/11 global security framework remain. The cluster of papers which follow provide detailed studies of the effects of the War on Terror regime on civil society in four contexts: the USA, Spain, Kenya and Uzbekistan. In this way it lays a basis for civil society actors and aid agencies to reflect more strategically on how they should engage with security debates and initiatives in a way that best protects the spaces of civil society and the interests of minority and vulnerable groups. This introduction sets out the three key themes pursued throughout the cluster articles, namely, the selective impact of counter‐terrorist measures on civil society; the particularity of civil society responsiveness to these measures; and the role of aid and diplomacy in pursuing security objectives and its consequences for civil society.     

从环境的历史到环境史——关于环境史研究的一种认识

By and large, there are three kinds of research on environment: the history of environment as a field of natural history studies, the history of environment as within the scope of history of society studies, and environmental history as the study of the relationship between human and nature. The methodological perspective of the relationship between humanity and environmental distinguishes the third from the previous two. From this perspective, when we probe the mutual effects between human and nature, we will stress on their interactions. The new era and the realities of contemporary society foster the rise of environmental history, which has not only theoretical values but also practical significance. Translated from Xueshu Yanjiu 学术研究 (Academic Research), 2006, (9):12–22     

Embedding the War on Terror: State and Civil Society Relations

The global war on terror was used by the Bush administration and its allies to defend a US dominated geopolitical configuration. To this end, counter‐terrorism measures (CTMs) were introduced which strengthened the alignment of development aid with diplomacy and defence. The broad, adverse effects of CTMs on civil liberties and human rights are well documented. Despite the advent of a new US administration and a ‘soft power’ approach to international relations, the legacy of the war on terror remains embedded in the laws, policies and attitudes of many states and regimes that continue to enclose the lives of citizens. This article describes the experiences of civil society organizations (CSOs) as ‘securitization’ processes unfolded. Studies over two years involving some forty countries provide an on‐the‐ground view to probe the gains and losses of securitization, both for governments in the US‐led ‘coalition of the willing’ and for civil society in terms of the pressures emerging from a development‐for‐security agenda. The authors identify some of the perverse zero‐sum effects on governments of CTM philosophy and the means employed. Findings also show asymmetry between northern and southern CSOs in terms of their negative‐sum subordination, found in the definition of security and in the vulnerability to new risks involved in undertaking development work.     

基于地方依恋反思旧城更新语境下的失所现象——以天津西沽南拆除计划为例

旧城更新语境下的失所现象不仅是地理维度的人口移动,还有环境剧变对个人、家庭和社区带来的深层社会心理冲击。以天津西沽南拆除为例,基于问卷调查和访谈考察了历史街区原住民的地方依恋现状及其形成机制。结果显示原住民与该地方在功能、象征、情感、社会等方面均存在依恋关系,其形成机制中的关键性因素包括家庭历史延续、日常亲切经验、邻里支持网络,以及时间和记忆的媒介作用。据此认为,旧城更新需警惕社会—空间重构对原住民造成的物质与非物质性地方剥夺,并利用人地纽带提升城市遗产的社会价值。     

旅游污名：研究进展及展望

近年来,层出不穷的旅游乱象给整个旅游行业带来了极其负面的影响,使我国旅游行业遭受到了社会公众强加的污名。因此,如何避免旅游污名化现象的加剧以及如何对已被污名的旅游业进行去污名化,已成为我国旅游界亟待解决的课题。当前学术界关于旅游污名的重视远远不够,研究十分匮乏。本文对旅游污名研究进展进行了系统述评,将旅游污名划分为基于人地关系的旅游地方污名、基于群体关系的旅游者污名以及基于人际关系的旅游职业污名。在此基础上,指出应加强旅游污名的形成机制与综合治理研究、使用流动性方式开展旅游污名研究等方向。本文为理解及解决旅游污名问题提供可行的理论指导,对旅游研究及旅游发展均大有裨益。     

Social Movements and the Politicization of Chronic Poverty

Discussions of chronic poverty emphasize the extent to which poverty endures because of the social relationships and structures within which particular social groups are embedded. In this sense chronic poverty is a socio‐political relationship rather than a condition of assetless‐ness. Understood as such, processes of social mobilization become central to any discussion of chronic poverty because they are vehicles through which such relationships are argued over in society and potentially changed. This article explores the ways in which social movements, as one form of such mobilization, might affect chronic poverty. Four domains are discussed: influencing the underlying dynamics of the political economy of poverty; challenging dominant meanings of poverty in society; direct effects on the assets of the poor; and engaging with the state. The inherent fragilities of social movements limit these contributions, the most important of which is to destabilize taken‐for‐granted, hegemonic discourses on poverty and its reduction.     

Prosaic geographies of stateness

Despite long-standing calls to rethink the state ‘as a social relation’, reified understandings that view the state as a differentiated institutional realm separate from civil society are notably persistent in academic and political debate. By contrast, this paper focuses on the myriad ways in which everyday life is permeated by the social relations of stateness, and vice versa. The paper reviews the conceptual difficulties in defining ‘the state’ and suggests that these can be addressed in part through a focus on the mundane practices that give rise to ‘state effects’. It considers how the concept of prosaics, based on the work of Mikhail Bakhtin, might provide a fruitful approach for studying such practices, their geographies and the geographies of state effects. A case study of the governance of anti-social behaviour in the UK is used to show the potential application of this approach in empirical research. The paper concludes with some reflections on possible future avenues of research.     

跨国教育流动中的刻板印象与身份建构——以在美中国留学生为例

伴随在美中国留学生群体的不断扩大，中国留学生在美国社会中的体验和经历备受关注。本文主要通过深度访谈，了解在美中国留学生与美国本土社会及国内社会的互动，及互动对其塑造社会认同的影响。研究发现，来自美国社会的刻板印象一方面阻碍了该群体的深度融入，另一方面造成了中国留学生群体的“自我规训”，使该群体对于美国社会产生一定的疏离感。此外，在教育流动的过程中，留学生增强了其国家认同，中国人身份和留学生身份处于共生共荣的关系。然而，来自“群体内”的刻板印象增加了留学生群体社会认同建构的不确定性。因此，在美中国留学生群体的身份建构是一个动态的过程，并在“人-人”和“人-地”的互动不断发展和变化。     

'Something Happened': The Relevance of the Risk Society for Describing the Siting Process for a Municipal Landfill

This paper investigates reactions to a proposed municipal solid waste facility in Southern Ontario supposed to be a low-level, low probability risk using the risk society framework, developed independently by Beck (1992a, 1992b) and Giddens (1990, 1991). Residents often view risk from environmental hazards as high despite expert assurances that risks are low. The appeal of risk society as a general framework is that it connects quantitative risk assessment (QRA) and the social construction of risk (SCR) to show how individuals and social structures reflexively alter and are altered by conflicts over (actual/potential) technological hazards. The analysis involves 30 in-depth face-to-face interviews with residents in Caledon, Ontario, contextualized by interviews with proponent experts (n=4) from the government organization responsible for conducting the siting process. The risk society framework, although developed primarily to describe the effects of high-consequence global hazards, seems well suited to describing local level, low-consequence hazards. The siting process involved a series of fateful moments which upset people's security in particular ways of life. The proposed landfill and the process itself threatened the very nature of what people valued and expected from their community. However, this study raises a concern that the risk society played out at the local/regional level may exacerbate inequalities in the distribution of risks relative to benefits from technological environmental hazards. This stands in contrast with Beck's (1992a) notion that the risks from hazards are equitably distributed within the risk society.     

How Relational Dimensions Affect Knowledge Redundancy in Industrial Clusters

This paper focuses on the effects of social capital on industrial clusters. Close networks with strong ties provide benefits for the companies involved in terms of knowledge flow; however, they can also have some negative effects such as knowledge redundancy and obsolescence. We propose an explanatory model to study factors and mediators affecting the redundancy of transmitted knowledge. The model has been applied to a sample of 152 companies in two Spanish industrial clusters. Findings suggest that although strength of ties was associated with redundancy, structural dispersion and local institutions have a negative effect on knowledge redundancy. The findings have a number of relevant implications for individual firms and their policies.     

Rural Strategies for Coping with the Spatial Unevenness in the Knowledge Society

Knowledge has long been a motor for societal development. However, the way knowledge is produced, distributed and applied has changed considerably and is regionally differentiated. In this paper, it is argued that different types of spatial profiles are discernable at the broader, national level: (i) Prominent hubs emerge, influenced by the knowledge society. (ii) The knowledge society expands to rural areas, being located between metropolitan regions, forming corridors of development. (iii) Regions with a knowledge society deficit, which might be perceived as a sort of “novel periphery”, remain. Drawing on examples from Germany, this paper examines rural regions which can be seen to fit with these profiles, revealing how planning paradigms change in the knowledge society and how spatially sensitive stakeholders can and do use knowledge as a strategic resource.     

The Impact of Conflict on a Country's Economy: An Obligatory Response to Beatriz Plaza

This paper is a response to Beatriz Plaza's reply to an article we wrote for European Planning Studies, 8(4) (2000). We argued that a society in which a wide range of agents and institutions exhibits a well-developed set of values (confidence, cooperation, solidarity, etc.) is likely to be more socio-economically efficient. We will demonstrate that our critic's reply makes absolutely no reference whatsoever to our article's central theses. Moreover, the reply completely ignores the temporal context of our article. We disagree with the manner in which our critic has presented the data to 'demonstrate' the negative impact of terrorism, something that is very obvious. The real effect of violence and terrorism on a society transcends what is reflected in data that are frequently incomplete and lacking in context. Empirical social analyses increasingly attempt to use more personalized, qualitative surveys, instead of econometric models that are not capable of explaining a richer social reality. Analysis of the trends in and evolution of tourism could also help explain phenomena that extend beyond the strict scope of the Basque economy. Knowledge of the tourist sector and the capacity for sound analysis are prerequisites for anyone claiming to do a serious study or critique on the topic. Given the points cited above, we believe that our critic's reply to our article is incomplete, lacking in context, useless, unnecessary, incoherent, and demagogic. We thus still believe each and every one of the arguments in our article to be valid, and do not see how our critic has in any way called them into question. We believe that our critic is completely off the mark in criticizing us so harshly and so unfoundedly.     

The social contract of artists in the era of cultural industries

The aim of this paper is to analyse the growing emphasis on the concepts of the experience economy, creative industries, and cultural industries as ways in which the social contract of artists is negotiated. What expectations are directed towards the artistic profession and how is the contribution of artists to society and their work conditions constructed by these concepts? The paper applies the concept of social contract from the sociology of professions which enables a focus on the artistic profession not only in an internal arts world perspective, but also in a broader societal frame. The study presented was carried out in a Norwegian context. Empirically, the paper is based on 28 applied research reports.     

地理邻近促进产学研协同创新吗?——基于多维邻近整合的视角

运用偏最小二乘法（PLS）构建结构方程模型,将多维邻近整合到统一的研究框架,分析地理邻近对跨区域产学研协同创新绩效的影响。结果显示：地理邻近是多维邻近的第一维,其他邻近都是在地理邻近的影响下作用于产学研协同创新绩效;社会邻近虽然正向作用于技术邻近和关系邻近,但是不能间接通过技术邻近和关系邻近正向影响产学研协同创新绩效;制度邻近和关系邻近对产学研协同创新的影响很显著。为了实现科技资源优化聚集,有必要加快制度、市场和基础设施的一体化建设。