Breaking the Bad News: Plans for the Announcement to the Empire of the Death of Elizabeth II and the Proclamation of Her Successor, 1952–67

This article uses recently released official papers to examine British planning for the announcement of the death of Elizabeth II to the Empire/Commonwealth, and for the involvement of Commonwealth representatives in the proclamation of her successor. The planning process was complicated by the complex and varied nature of the relationship between the Crown and different parts of both the colonial Empire and the independent Commonwealth. While the debates generated by this process tended to revolve around relatively minor issues of protocol, they were informed by a much more serious concern: the extent to which the institution of the British monarchy should adapt to meet the needs of the ‘new’ Commonwealth. Those advocating flexibility saw this as essential if the Crown was to continue to have a unifying role within the Commonwealth. Traditionalists, however, feared that reform would weaken the value of the monarchy as the focus of a specifically British national identity.     

棉类纺织品文物霉变菌株的分离与鉴定

纺织品文物霉变研究在纺织品文物保护、修复、贮藏中占重要地位。为了确定馆藏棉类纺织品文物霉变微生物的种类,了解棉织物纺织品文物真菌病害特点,本研究采用PDA培养基对棉类纺织品文物上霉变部位提取微生物进行分离纯化,对纯化后的霉菌进行18S rDNA-ITS序列分析,通过比较NCBI核酸序列数据库序列同源性构建发育树。最终分离纯化共得到6株霉菌,测序结果鉴定为青霉属、交链孢霉属、曲霉属、镰刀属,该四种霉属可能是棉类纺织类文物的致霉优势霉属。利用形态学方法结合分子生物学手段对棉类纺织品文物霉变微生物进行分离鉴定,确保获取结果更加快速和精准,结合当前博物馆对纺织品文物的保护现状,提出棉类纺织品文物综合保护措施,为此类文物的防霉工作以及抗霉材料的开发提供理论依据。     

Economic Tensions and Conflict in the Commonwealth, 1945-c.1951

In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, economicrelations between Britain and the Commonwealth were very close,and the Empire was of greater economic importance to Britainthan at any previous time. International economic conditionswere dominated by the dollar shortage, and especially afterthe sterling crisis of 1947 most of the sterling area membersof the Commonwealth were drawn into even closer interdependence.But, in contrast to the expectations of many policy makers,the world economy after the war was characterized by buoyantdemand and limited supply. In particular, the demands placedon British production and finance highlighted the limitationsof capacity. Development in both the independent and ColonialCommonwealth was frustrated. The inadequacies of the closedsystem revealed in the late 1940s encouraged Commonwealth countriesto push for the restoration of currency convertibility and ofmultilateralism in the 1950s.     

魏家庄遗址出土铁质文物的脱盐处理研究

山东济南魏家庄遗址出土铁质文物中含有大量有害氯离子,严重威胁着文物的安全。因此,脱盐就成为该批铁器保护的重点,是阻止铁器继续腐蚀的重要保证。在经一系列实验工作后,该批铁器的脱盐溶液采用0.005mol/L NaOH溶液,对于仅为铁质的容器类铁器采用直接浸泡法,同时结合冷热交替和超声波法;对于带有鞘的兵器类铁器采用2%Primal AC33加固后再进行脱盐;对于带有漆皮痕迹的铁器也试用了纸浆脱盐法。铁器经脱盐后氯离子含量大大降低,脱盐取得了很好的效果。     

The Commonwealth and South Africa: From Smuts to Mandela

The creation of modern South Africa as an independent unitary state within the British Empire (c. 1910) gave birth to the Commonwealth idea. Jan Smuts’s views on Commonwealth were formative and they continued to inform the evolution of the organisation until the end of the Second World War. Also significant was the role played by Afrikaner nationalist leader J. B. M. Hertzog, who exerted a critical influence on the 1926 Balfour Declaration and Statute of Westminster. At the point of South Africa’s departure from the Commonwealth in 1961, the Commonwealth divided between new entrants, who cast South Africa as a pariah, and older member states who lamented the exit of a troubled family member. Even after South Africa’s departure from the Commonwealth in 1961, apartheid’s significance as the global exemplar of institutionalised racism and colonial rule helped to bind the Commonwealth as a multi-racial organisation with strongly defined ethical values. South Africa’s reintegration in 1994, with Nelson Mandela to the fore, was welcomed as a triumph for the Commonwealth. Paradoxically, however, this proved a pyrrhic victory and may actually have contributed to the Commonwealth’s state of indirection.     

Are you willing to be made nothing? Is Commonwealth reform possible?

A new round of Commonwealth reform proposals commenced at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting of 2009. An ensuing report, titled A Commonwealth of the people: time for urgent reform, contained a long list of proposals that eventually resulted in 2013 in the adoption of the Commonwealth Charter. Many classic international organizations are in need of reform, but this is, of course, challenging. This new Commonwealth reform process will not lead to satisfying changes and will not make it a more relevant actor in global governance. The year 2015 marks the Commonwealth Secretariat's first half‐century. We take this symbolic marker to push for a forward‐looking exercise, arguing that because the true nature of the Commonwealth is often misunderstood, a better understanding of the organization is essential before embarking on any successful change‐management project. In the article we identify four different kinds of Commonwealth: three of a ‘formal’ nature (the official, bureaucratic and the people's Commonwealth) and a fourth ‘informal’ one (Commonwealth Plus). By describing the potential of these four different kinds of Commonwealth, we can anticipate better the challenges with which the Commonwealth network is faced, both internal (including its mandate, its British imperial past and dominance, the organization's leadership and its membership) and external (other international organizations, other Commonwealths, rivalry with regional organizations and the rise of global policy networks). Consequently, this should lead to a better and more sustainable debate about the Commonwealth's future role in global governance.     

新疆博物馆新获纸质文书结构与成分的分析研究

新疆维吾尔自治区博物馆于2009年征集纸质文物111件,为了保护修复这批纸质文物,选取具有典型病害的五件纸质文物,采用含水率测定仪、纤维测量仪、偏光显微镜、扫描电镜-能谱分析仪等进行了分析检测,以研究这批纸质文物的保存现状、原料成分、制作工艺及病害等信息,为制定保护修复方案提供科学依据。检测结果表明,这批纸质文物的纤维成分以麻纤维为主,制作过程中加进了高岭土、碳酸钙和滑石粉为主的填料,部分纸张经过了施胶处理。同时,纤维多数已经断裂成短的纤维段,几乎很难见完整的纤维,且有成堆的絮状物出现,表明纸张保存状况不佳。     

The impossible object: Relics,property, and the secular in post‐Soviet Russia (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)

The article analyzes a recent court case concerning the relics of two 14th‐century Russian Orthodox saints, during which the Russian state ruled to confiscate the relics from the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church. I examine the church's attempts to fight back, paying particular attention to how the conflicting parties have differently framed the disputed objects' materiality. In doing so, I link the ongoing debates over whether dead bodies can be considered property and who owns the bodies of saints, to the current battles in Russia over the boundaries between the sacred and the secular. The relics affair, I suggest, ultimately points to the issue of how politics itself is constituted through the battles to define these boundaries, who claims the power to draw these lines, and why issues dealing with dead bodies possess a certain affective charge that causes political action. I argue that the case of the Suzdal relics makes visible certain aporias in both secular law and religious discourse, which ultimately make this case impossible for the state to resolve in its favour through conventional judicial means without overruling the law. In this process, the object of dispute itself disappears from the discursive space, becoming buried in a sort of ‘black box’, the interior contents of which are ultimately unnameable and uncategorizable.     

对文物博物馆管理体制创新的思考

文物托管、博物馆托管触及博物馆行业的最敏感问题即文物资源匮乏、国家小型博物馆及民营博物馆如何很好地发挥作用。文物托管是对社会文物资源的整合,有利于文物的保护和管理。博物馆托管是有效的管理机制的推广,是行业内部对博物馆各种资源要素的优化。文物托管是社会流散文物登记的一种形式,为建立合理的社会流散文物保护管理体制而探索创新。     

文物真三维数字建模技术在秦始皇兵马俑博物馆中的应用——以一号坑陶俑为例

随着高新技术的发展,文保应用研究中引入了三维扫描技术。通过对秦兵马俑一号坑陶俑的扫描实例,介绍了一套利用三维激光扫描技术建立文物真三维模型的基本流程及方法,并通过文物真三维数据管理系统对模型进行展示、分析与研究。文物真三维数据模型的建立,使全面观察研究、再现和重建遗迹及文物成为可能,为文物的数字化展示、数字博物馆的建立、文物鉴赏以及文化遗产的保存提供了新思路。     

文物修复理念探讨与实践应用

文物修复是保护文物和研究文物的一个重要环节,而文物修复理念又是指导文物修复工作的理论基础;要能够熟练运用各类科学仪器并且在先进修复理念的指导下,对不同门类不同质地的文物具体分析区别对待,仪器分析是了解文物性质与制定修复方案重要依据;吸收国外修复理念精华,并且结合中国传统文物修复理念总结出一个适合中国文物修复的全新理念,既有利于研究文物,也有利于更好地展示和保护好文物。     

砂岩文物加固材料与实验室工艺研究

风化砂岩文物的加固是文物保护的重要课题。在本研究中,选择与严重风化的云冈石窟石质文物材质相同的新鲜砂岩为研究对象,采用化学加速风化方法将石质试样进行风化模拟处理,使其风化程度接近于石窟文物本体。利用4种硅酸酯类加固材料和7种实验室工艺条件,对风化模拟石质试样进行加固处理。对处理后的石质试样进行渗透深度、色差、耐盐性、耐紫外老化、无侧限抗压强度性能测试,评估各材料与实验室工艺加固效果。经研究表明:不同材料对风化砂岩均有加固效果,其中硅酸乙酯及其低聚物材料加固作用明显;同种材料、不同实验室工艺条件下加固效果却不一样,减压浸渍法实验室工艺的加固效果最大。本工作结果将为砂岩类石质文物现场加固保护提供科学基础数据。     

馆藏文物包装用无酸纸的性能研究

无酸纸是重要的馆藏文物保护载体。为满足文物保护的需要,综合分析了国内外8种用于档案和文物包装的无酸纸成分及性能,并在此基础上研发自制文物包装无酸纸。结果表明,由于文物的特殊性,目前我国无酸档案卷皮卷盒用纸及纸板不能满足文物保护的需要。棉麻材料组成的手工纸材料符合文物保护的需求。自制文物包装用无酸纸的p H值、金属离子含量、卡伯值及物理性能等达到文物保护包装无酸纸的要求,通过了文物保护用材料的安全性评价,具有广泛的应用前景。     

牺牲阳极法应用及其在钢筋混凝土文物保护中的应用研究

为研究牺牲阳极法在钢筋混凝土文物保护中的应用,首先对国内外关于牺牲阳极法的研究现状和应用实践进行归纳总结,主要从应用对象的转变、实践与研究并举的发展进程、应用层面的拓宽三个方面进行梳理分析;进而由发展的趋势转变提出牺牲阳极法在钢筋混凝土文物保护上的可行性,详述该法在钢筋混凝土文物保护中的应用机理与设计方法。最后以南京长江大桥为例,对牺牲阳极法应用于南京长江大桥双曲拱桥主拱圈耐久性加固工程进行了研究,在总结和回顾的基础上提出牺牲阳极法应用于文物保护中的新机遇。研究成果为牺牲阳极法在钢筋混凝土文物保护工程中的应用提供了一定的借鉴与指导。     

真丝文物霉变菌株的分离、鉴定及防霉药剂筛选

中国的桑蚕丝织业延绵千年,真丝文物记载了中国作为丝绸古国的辉煌历史,对中国古文化及古工业的研究都具有重要意义。而真丝文物在出土及保藏过程中极易遭受霉菌污染,严重影响文物的研究展示和文化价值的传承,成为各大博物馆和研究所的困扰。通过对真丝文物霉变菌株的分离及鉴定,可以了解真丝文物霉菌污染现状,为真丝文物的防霉控制提供靶标菌株。筛选真丝文物防霉处理剂可为探索真丝文物防霉控制方法提供新的思路,促进真丝文物防霉新技术的开发。本研究从苏州丝绸博物馆霉变真丝文物中分离纯化得到4株霉菌,分别编号为A、D、H、K。采用点植法培养真丝霉变菌株单菌落,观察其菌落特征和培养特性,通过显微观察法记录分生孢子形态、大小等显微结构,结合分子生物学方法构建系统发育树,对真丝文物霉变菌株进行鉴定。同时采用牛津杯法测试3-碘-2丙炔基-N-正丁基氨基甲酸酯(IPBC)、2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮(MIT)、苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮(BIT)、聚六亚甲基单胍磷酸盐(PHMG)4种防霉剂对4株真丝霉变菌株的抑菌活性。结果表明：4株霉菌分别属于半知菌类丛梗孢目的3个属：曲霉属(Aspergillus),节孢霉属(Arthri...     

茂陵出土错金车马器保护技术与方法的探讨

针对茂陵发掘出土错金车马器文物表面锈蚀覆盖严重、装饰无法辨识的现状。本工作分别从保护原则、操作思路入手,并且结合文物具体的保存状况,相应采取化学方法软化、机械除锈、水溶液深度清洗、BTA溶液浸泡、高分子有机材料表面封护的方法,有效保护了这批文物,还原了文物的历史、艺术与研究价值。通过这批文物修复保护的实践表明,每项具体的文物保护工作,必须从个体差异的角度、针对性确立保护方案,才能有的放矢地保护好文物。结果显示,所用方法和工艺可为类似文物的保护处理提供参考。     

By invitation only: Lord Mountbatten,Prince Philip,and the attempt to create a Commonwealth ‘Bilderberg group’, 1964–66

This article examines the attempt between 1964 and 1966 to create new conference for the Commonwealth modelled on the secretive Euro-American Bilderberg group, and considers the roles of Earl Mountbatten of Burma and the Duke of Edinburgh in the venture. This was the only major initiative on the structure of the Commonwealth to originate with the government of Harold Wilson during its first term in office. Consideration of the scheme was suspended as a result of Rhodesian UDI and was never reopened. Although short-lived, the Bilderberg initiative offers important insights into a number of issues. It suggests that the original Bilderberg group had assumed a considerable importance to senior figures in the Labour Party by 1964. It also illustrates the distinct ambivalence with which members of the British elite viewed the changing nature of the Commonwealth, and points to a desire among some of them to recreate the atmosphere of a more exclusive ‘club’. Above all it sheds light upon the highly idiosyncratic negotiating style of Lord Mountbatten, and suggests a desire on the part of Prince Philip to establish for himself a fully independent role within the Commonwealth.     

商盘周鼎尽网罗 断碣残碑满眼是 记山东文物事业的奠基人、收藏家王献唐

一个民族的文化遗产,关键在于有效保护,妥善收藏。我国早在周秦时期就已经出现了收藏和陈列文物的场所,历代皇宫、祖庙、武库就是博物馆的雏形,皇帝便是最早的收藏大家。到了清代,文物的收藏和研究空前高涨,成为中国收藏发展史上的一个重要时期。     

A ‘New’ Commonwealth for Britain? Negotiating Ghana's Pan-African and Asian Connections at the End of Empire (1951–8)

This article examines to what extent Nkrumah's Pan-African ambitions and Asian connections altered the meaning of the ‘new’ Commonwealth for British policy-makers. It discusses India's influence on British political options in the Gold Coast during the negotiations for independence and Commonwealth membership and assesses the impact of Ghana's Pan-Africanism on two major facets of Commonwealth politics: Britain's ability to balance its relations with the Commonwealth and France, the other main European actor in Africa; and Britain's capacity to maintain the idea of a common heritage, which Pan-African projects like the Ghana–Guinea Union threatened to disrupt.     

汶川地震可移动文物震害研究

为探索汶川地震作用下以浮放为主的可移动文物的震害及防震措施,通过震后勘查,讨论了汶川地震造成的可移动文物的典型震害症状。从博物馆、陈列台、文物本身等三个方面,分析了可移动文物的主要震害原因和传统的防震措施的不足之处,对国内外可移动文物的先进防震技术进行了探讨,研究了其防震机理。基于国内外可移动文物防震经验,对我国可移动文物提出了防震建议。研究结果表明:汶川地震造成可移动文物震害除了地震本身因素外,文物防震措施不足是一个重要原因;为保证可移动文物的防震性能,首先应规范博物馆建筑抗震设计,其次考虑陈列台隔震技术应用,最后再考虑可移动文物与陈列台之间的可靠连接;采取先进的隔震技术对可移动文物的防震具有促进作用。