论司马迁的文献批判思想

司马迁撰史,所涉及的史料十分广博.对经传异说和百家杂语,他考信于"六艺",或引为史实,或引为补"六艺"之缺.司马迁引录"六艺"经文、异传和杂语撰史,考信的标准则不为"六艺".他撰写的历史,把经文、异传和杂语所述史实融为一体,在时间和空间上定位,从而建构了在经传和诸子书中均未出现的历史内容.这一历史的建构,不是依靠经文,而是依靠司马迁自己对包括经文在内的文献的考信,以及对文献的综合、判断和推理而完成的.司马迁对文献的批判,表现出鲜明的自我解释、自我证明和自我授权的历史批判思维.这一历史批判思维,贯穿于《史记》全书之中,是中国古典史学独立于经学时所表现出的最重要特点.     

Social status in the Merovingian and Viking periods in Norway from archaeological and historical sources

Generally, the social structure (stratification of the society) in the Merovingian and Viking periods in Norway has been studied by historians using mainly historical and linguistic material. However, prehistoric burials are supposed to reflect the social status of the deceased, and in the present study social status in the Merovingian and Viking periods in western, central and eastern Norway has been examined through 4629 grave finds recorded in the museums’ list—3796 were defined as men's grave finds and 833 as women's. On the basis of the composition of the grave material both the men's and women's graves could be divided into three groups: a large lower group with plain grave material, a small upper group with the richest finds, and an intermediate group. This grouping was supported by studies of the professionally excavated graves from 1956–1978 and indicated three distinctive social groups of free men and women. The grouping of the men's graves on the basis of weapon composition showed only a fair association with the weapon requirements and the social status indicated by the provincial laws from the early Middle Ages. However, studies of 177 precisely dated weapon graves demonstrated a closer association between the requirements of the laws and the weapon composition of the 10th century graves than of those from the 8th and 9th centuries. Accordingly, the grave finds from the Merovingian and Viking periods as well as the historical sources from the early Middle Ages reflect a society with marked differences in social status, the grave finds from the 10th century showing the best correspondence to the provincial laws.     

黎庶昌东瀛访书史料二则

在清末中日书籍交流中,黎庶昌、杨守敬辑刻的《古逸丛书》,无疑是最为引人瞩目的盛事,时至百年后的今天,还为学界所津津乐道,相关论文不绝如缕.随着研究的深入,发生在《古逸丛书》背后的许多轶事也逐渐撩开神秘的面纱,为人所知晓.     

《契丹国志·太祖述律皇后传》史源疏证

《契丹国志》卷13《后妃传·太祖述律皇后传》全文共1003字,考其史料来源,基本上都是出自于《资治通鉴》,具有较高的史料价值。     

水泥历史建筑的加固材料研究初探

我国现存大量的以水泥为基本材料的近现代历史建筑,很多建筑既具有西方建筑美学特征,又融合了中国传统建筑的艺术形态,具有不可替代的历史意义和艺术价值。在长时间的自然和人为因素的影响下,这些建筑都普遍存在内部结构疏松、强度低的状况,保护这些水泥历史建筑已经成为文物保护工作者一项非常迫切的任务。在水分的长期作用下,水泥内部的微孔结构会由于钙质流失而遭到破坏,产生水泥的酥化现象。为加固保护这类历史建筑,本研究合成了一种亲水性高拉伸的有机硅材料。研究表明,该材料能在不明显改变水泥样品表面外观的前提下实现对酥化水泥样品的加固,经有机硅最佳浓度2%加固后的水泥样品的抗压强度可以提升约1倍。同时,这种加固材料在前期施工阶段具有良好的渗透性,加固剂固化后能够有效填补酥化水泥样品中的较大孔隙,从而达到增加强度的效果。另外,这种加固剂具有亲水性的特征,一方面不会存在强憎水性保护剂所带来的保护性破坏,另一方面在大面积现场施工时不需要使用大量有机溶剂,从而避免其对环境和人体的伤害。本研究对于进一步探索和开发水泥历史建筑的加固材料具有重要的借鉴意义。     

略论秦陵出土青铜器的历史价值

秦王朝是中国历史上的重要朝代之一,但秦代传世及出土的青铜器遗存较少。秦始皇陵园作为一处埋藏丰富的帝王陵园,历年来在陵园内先后出土有两乘彩绘铜车马、错金银乐府铜钟、丽山园锺、铜权及兵马俑坑内近四万件青铜兵器等青铜文物本文通过对秦陵出土青铜器的研究,揭示它们所蕴涵的证史、正史、补史作用以及科技价值等内容,反映出秦代青铜文化的历史价值所在,为今人多角度了解秦代社会提供更多信息。     

The study of ethnicity in historical archaeology

Despite increasing interest in the archaeological study of ethnic groups few historical archaeologists have addressed the broad question of how such groups form and change. This paper presents a theory of ethnic group formation and change drawn from both anthropological and sociological research. The theory is based on the examination of the relationship of three variables: competition, ethnocentrism, and differential power. Of these variables, the differential distribution of power is given the most weight in determining changes in ethnic boundary maintenance. The development of ethnic boundaries in southern Arizona between 1854 and the early 1900s provides an example of the interrelationships among these variables. Consideration of archaeological material from this time period illustrates the necessity of archeaological data for testing the proposed theory. Further suggestions are made for the testing of the proposed theory, using historical and archaeological data.     

雅典执政官任用程序的历史考察

执政官曾是雅典权重一时的官员,但是在大约300年的时间里,它的任用程序几次发生变化,由最初的贵族议会直接任命最终发展为民主式的抽签选举,在此过程中,其政治影响和地位也发生了戏剧性变化,从城邦最高官员沦落为普通公民都可担任的职务.整个过程实际体现了雅典由贵族政治向民主政治的逐渐过渡,因此是雅典政治民主化的缩影.     

The importance of Old French chronicles as historical sources of the Fourth Crusade and the early Latin Empire of Constantinople

Michael Angold has shown that the collapse of Greek resistance to the crusading army has not yet been fully explained by historians (Journal of Medieval History, 25, 3 (1999) 257–78). The chronicles of Villehardouin and Clari are an additional, important source, written by eyewitnesses. They provide first-hand evidence of the morale of the army, its sense of mission and the problems which it faced. Henri de Valenciennes provides a similar, first-hand account of the start of the reign of Henry of Hainaut as Latin Emperor. Close study of these texts helps to explain the victory of the westerners. They are even more important as historical sources than as examples of early French prose.     

The importance of Old French chronicles as historical sources of the Fourth Crusade and the early Latin Empire of Constantinople

Michael Angold has shown that the collapse of Greek resistance to the crusading army has not yet been fully explained by historians (Journal of Medieval History, 25, 3 (1999) 257–78). The chronicles of Villehardouin and Clari are an additional, important source, written by eyewitnesses. They provide first-hand evidence of the morale of the army, its sense of mission and the problems which it faced. Henri de Valenciennes provides a similar, first-hand account of the start of the reign of Henry of Hainaut as Latin Emperor. Close study of these texts helps to explain the victory of the westerners. They are even more important as historical sources than as examples of early French prose.     

Identifying the sources of Inka period ceramics from northern Chile: results of a neutron activation study

To examine regional patterns of ceramic production and distribution during the era of Inka domination in northern Chile, we determined the elemental compositions of 157 samples of archaeological ceramics and geological clays from the sites of Catarpe and Turi using instrumental neutron activation analysis. We identified two major and three minor composition groups in the ceramics. The major groups, High Cr and Low Cr, are linked to clays from two broad geological contexts within the region, while the minor Low Na group is made up of ceramics imported from northwestern Argentina. The distribution of the composition groups indicates that, in the Catarpe–Turi region, patterns of ceramic production differed for different vessel types: jars were made from clay and temper acquired near the sites where the jars were used, while bowls were made of material coming from more distant sources. The geographical distribution of the analyzed ceramics indicates that bowls were exchanged between Catarpe and Turi in a pattern more similar to tribute/extraction than to market exchange, with Catarpe being the dominant site. The compositional analysis also demonstrates that Inka-style ceramics were being locally produced at sites in this region during the era of Inka domination.     

Seismic performance of historical vaulted adobe constructions: a numerical case study from Yazd,Iran

Past earthquakes have demonstrated that historical vaulted adobe buildings are highly vulnerable to seismic actions. Hence, it is crucial for such building typologies to be evaluated in terms of seismic capacity. To this end, this article deals with the seismic performance of historical vaulted adobe houses from the city of Yazd, Iran as one of the seismically active areas of the world and possessing a very rich adobe heritage. Thus, and based on a detailed geometrical survey, a representative sample of adobe houses from Yazd was studied using a simplified in-plane analysis based on three geometric indexes. Concerning the out-of-plane behavior, a deeper assessment was conducted by performing a numerical study, where the main influential parameters on the seismic behavior of vaulted adobe buildings were considered. The numerical analyses were carried out by adopting the limit analysis theory implemented in the Block2D software. The results obtained indicate the safe in-plane behavior of most of the houses and the safe out-of-plane response of the sample under gravitational loads. However, the sample out-of-plane safety under earthquake-induced loads seems to be a matter of concern.     

Interpreting,dating, and reevaluating the botanical assemblage from tell Kedesh: a case study of historical contamination

Botanical assemblage including charred and mineralized macro plant remains were examined from tell Kedesh in the Upper Galilee, Israel. Flotation samples were collected from various contexts within and outside a large Persian-Hellenistic administrative building complex at tell Kedesh, dated to the 5th to the 2nd century BC, based on the archaeological material. Four AMS radiocarbon dates were obtained on plant macro remains recovered from the flotation samples from the complex. The radiocarbon dates range from the 9th century BC to 17th century AD. The discrepancy among the radiocarbon dates obtained from plant remains and those based on archaeological material can be attributed to bioturbation, including the deep burrowing of harvester ants. The study demonstrates the need for direct radiocarbon dating of the charred plant remains generally assumed to be of ancient origin. This research improves the understanding of depositional and postdepositional processes of plant macro remains and explains their mode of arrival, relevant for the sites with a long occupational history by humans and animals.     

An archaeometric study of Hellenistic glass vessels: evidence for multiple sources

In the present study, 53 glass fragments from core-formed vessels and 3 glass beads are investigated using SEM/EDX, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. All samples were excavated in the Latin settlement of Satricum in central west Italy and apart from two, were found in the so-called fourth–third c. BC Hellenistic Votive deposit, also known as Votive Deposit III, discovered in front of the sanctuary of Mater Matuta on top of the acropolis. The analytical results indicate that the glass from Satricum is a typical soda-lime-silica type with natron used as a flux. Its chemical compositions display a relatively low compositional variation. Small differences in the concentrations of major and minor oxides (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO and Fe₂O₃) and in trace elements (Sr, Zr and Nd) between individual samples suggest the use of different types of raw materials, especially sand. In turn, this suggests that the glass derived from more than one glass making centre. The combined investigation of colourants (Co, Cu and Mn) reinforces and confirms the idea that glass from Satricum was made using different manufacturing traditions during the Hellenistic period.     

历史分期的概念与历史编纂学的实践

历史编纂学中对历史的分期有自然的或技术性的分期与理论性的分期两种。中国和西方传统时代的历史学家都不注重运用历史的理论分期来编纂历史。对理论化的历史分期的热情是启蒙时代以来社会、自然和历史观念变化所激发起来的,对于中国历史学家说来是外来的。凡理论化的历史分期,其理论的根据都远远超出历史学之外,所以对于历史编纂学来说是无法从理论角度判断的,而只能从其对历史编纂学的实际产生怎样的作用来判断。任何理论模式都具有主观性。所以理论性的历史分期对于历史编纂学说来是假说、工具和方法。     

唐代笔记对国史的利用

唐代笔记的材料来源,大体有二,一是作者的所见所闻,一是已有的文字材料.所见,为作者亲身经历与目睹.所闻,为得于他人谈论.文字材料,有各类著述,其中包含他人笔记,也包含唐代国史.关于唐代笔记利用本朝国史的情况,历来罕有论述.     

Possible obsidian sources for artifacts from Timor: narrowing the options using chemical data

Measurements made at the Australian National University using laser ablation ICPMS show that none of the 88 analyzed obsidian artifacts from East Timor match either the known Papua New Guinea or the five Island SE Asian source samples in our ANU collections. There is a coastal journey of more than 3000 km between the occurrence of obsidians from the Bismarck Archipelago volcanic province of Papua New Guinea and the Sunda-Banda Arc volcanic chain, yet obsidian artifacts from the two important PNG sources of Talasea and Lou Island are found at coastal Bukit Tengkorak in eastern Sabah at a similar distance along with material that has no known source. Timor lies south of the eastern section of the active volcanic Banda Arc island chain but it is within range of possible rhyolite sources from there. Although there is a continuous chain of around 60 active volcanoes stretching from west Sumatra to the Moluccas most are basaltic to andesitic with few areas likely to produce high silica dacite–rhyolite deposits. This does not exclude the possibility that the volcanic landscapes may contain obsidian, but without detailed survey and chemical analysis of sources from the Sunda-Banda Arc the attribution of the Timor obsidian artifacts remains to be demonstrated. Timor may seem to be an unlikely source for the presence of obsidians as it lacks reports of the silica-rich rhyolite volcanic centers necessary to produce this material. Despite the absence of detailed survey and analysis of Indonesian obsidian sources, especially from the volcanically active Banda Arc, this paper presents evidence that one of two obsidian sources is clearly from Timor while the other, with less certainty, is also from an unknown local source.