Artifical Intensification of the Melting of Mountain Glaciers to Increase the Stream Flow in Central Asia

The author reviews experiments on the dusting of glaciers to promote melting and calls for an integrated program of research and experimentation to assure practical application of this method of increasing stream flow for irrigation of arid lands. The program has been opposed by some glaciologists on the ground that glacier meltwater makes up a negligible percentage of stream flow and that artificial intensification of melting may disturb the natural evolution of glaciers and reduce normal stream flow.     

An Element of Thought: Phosphorus and Mental Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century

Georges Cabanis (17571808), through his writings on the relation of the physical and moral, or psychological, aspects of man, left a legacy that made the study of mental activity a part of physiology. His views on the importance of phosphorus to the function of the brain thrust that element into a prominent stream of research that involved many investigators in several countries. Although that particular stream eventually dried up, its influence remained: by the beginning of the twentieth century basic medical science had become well set on studies of the mind-body relationship.     

论明前期斡朵里女真与明、朝鲜的关系--兼论女真对朝鲜向图们江流域拓展疆域的抵制与斗争

本对斡朵里女真与明、朝鲜的关系进行了考述。认为斡朵里女真自洪武初年已迁徙朝鲜吾音会,至正统五年(144)西迁苏子河畔,中间除西迁辽东凤州十余年外,一直居住图们江流域。斡朵里女真居住图们江流域对李朝政府向图们江流域拓展疆域进行了有效地抵制和斗争,致使李朝以图们江为界的欲望始终难以实现。     

MILK RIVER IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA: A CLASSIC UNDERFIT STREAM

underfit stream (un-der-fit) A misfit stream that appears to be too small to have eroded the valley in which it flows; a stream whose volume is greatly reduced or whose meanders show a pronounced shrinkage in radius. It is a common result of drainage changes effected by capture, by glaciers, or by climatic variations (Bates and Jackson 1987, 712).     

Spatial Variability of Controls on Downstream Patterns of Sediment Storage: a Case Study in the Lane Cove Catchment,New South Wales,Australia

This study uses GIS techniques to examine the spatial distribution of stream power along major streamlines in the Lane Cove catchment in northern Sydney, Australia. Channel gradient estimates derived from a 5 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) are combined with streamflow data to estimate stream power along river courses. Stream power and its constituent components are then related to a detailed field‐based assessment of sediment storage along the trunk stream and primary tributaries. At the catchment scale, sediment storage per unit length decreases as channel gradient and gross stream power increase. However, local controls such as variability in valley width and occurrence of confluence zones exert a greater influence upon sediment storage, disrupting systematic catchment‐wide relationships. The total volume of storage along each streamline has a strong linear relationship to the area of the subcatchment, but the distribution of sediment along streamlines varies between subcatchments. The GIS framework employed in this project allows generation of continuous, empirical data, thereby providing catchment‐specific predictive capacity that can accompany theoretical approaches to stream power modelling.     

论菲华商联总会的成立及其功能

作为菲华社会的最高领导机构 ,成立近半个世纪以来 ,商总为菲华社会与菲律宾社会的发展都做出了积极贡献。本文着重介绍了商总成立的背景、经过以及商总服务菲华社会并积极促进菲华融入主流社会的情况 ,藉此让我们了解商总发端与发展的历史 ,并加深我们对菲华社会的历史与现状的了解。     

The need for river management and stream restoration practices to integrate hydrogeomorphology

There is growing support amongst scientists worldwide about the need for a shift in river management approaches to include hydrogeomorphic processes. However, the degree to which these concepts are transferred to governmental agencies and practitioners varies widely. In Quebec, for example, many stream restoration projects are based on the (incorrect) assumption that river mobility and its inevitable consequences (bank erosion of meanders, presence of woody debris in the channel) are problematic for salmonids. This paper presents examples drawn from current guidelines on stream restoration for fish habitat in Quebec to demonstrate the need to improve the knowledge exchange among scientists and decision makers about the positive impact of river mobility and large wood dynamics on biodiversity. Our observations reveal that existing guidelines for stream restoration in Quebec need to be revised to better integrate hydrogeomorphic concepts and to no longer assume that maintaining rivers in a static state is beneficial for fish. Adopting the “freedom space for rivers” approach would likely result in improved habitat as it combines natural processes related to mobility, flooding, and riparian wetland connectivity to determine the minimal space around rivers where development should not be allowed, thus allowing river processes to be restored.     

The Impact of Large Water Engineering Projects on Geomorphic Processes in Stream Valleys

Large storage reservoirs have a significant effect on the landscape of river valleys. A rise of the base level, caused by dam construction, together with the resulting changes in the stream regime set off a sequence of interrelated geomorphic processes. Upstream from the edge of the backwater produced by the dam, regressive aggradation gradually spreads upriver, resulting both in a rise in the valley floor and a rise in water level. Within the reservoir itself, waves, longshore currents, seasonal changes in water level and gravitational processes on shoreline slopes combine to produce a distinctive shoreline relief, characterized by large areas of recurrent inundation, lagoon closed off by baymouth bars, and high cliffs retreating under the impact of wave abrasion. Downstream from the dam, heavy downcutting of the river channel gives rise to a stream terrace, whose relative height declines from the vicinity of the dam toward the mouth. Downcutting of the channel in the main stream in turn tends to lower the base level in the lower reaches of tributaries.     

Botanical Remains from the Baumer Component at Kincaid Mounds

The Baumer construct defines the Early and Middle Woodland periods in the lower Ohio Valley in the confluence region of the Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers. Originally defined by University of Chicago investigations in the 1930s, Baumer remains a poorly understood cultural unit. This paper reports the botanical and environmental data from Baumer features excavated in recent work at Kincaid Mounds. These data demonstrate a stable plant food regime highlighted by a major emphasis on nut harvests as well as the cultivation of Eastern Complex seed crops. The Kincaid data show that Baumer and related Crab Orchard groups inhabiting large stream floodplains are more strongly committed to horticulture than their relatives living in small interior stream drainages in southern Illinois. Maize was also recovered but it is clearly of Mississippian origin.     

A teacher/student commentary on a field test of Manning's roughness coefficient

Abstract

This paper describes and appraises a two‐day field project designed by a member of staff to be carried out by a group of students in a series of stream sections. The main aims of the project were (1) to help students develop a better understanding of stream processes, but more importantly (2) to help students develop an awareness of how ideas evolve, (3) how to test their ideas using a sound procedural methodology and (4) how to assess the implications of their results. The paper outlines how the project developed in collaboration with six students, examines the varying contributions made by staff and students at each stage and discusses the problems that arose during its execution. The project itself involved determining the most accurate method of predicting mean flow velocity in a stream using three different methods of estimating Manning's roughness coefficient.     

Water,Wind, Wood,and Trees: Interactions,Spatial Variations,Temporal Dynamics,and their Potential Role in River Rehabilitation

Recent Australian research has quantified the role of large wood (wood of any origin and length with a diameter greater than 0.1 m) in dissipating stream energy, forming pool habitats by local bed scour, protecting river banks from erosion, and damming rivers with long rafts causing avulsions. Large wood in Australian streams is sourced by a range of processes from the nearby riparian zone which has usually been degraded by post‐European settlement vegetation clearing. Large wood loadings within the bankfull channel are dependent not only on the type and quality of the riparian plant community but also on bankfull specific stream power, channel width, and the processes of large wood delivery to the stream. While bank erosion and floodplain stripping by catastrophic floods are obvious and important delivery mechanisms, treefall and trunk and branch breakage by strong winds during tropical cyclones and severe storms are also significant in the tropics. Furthermore, wood decay and downstream transport produce temporally dynamic large wood distributions. The longevity of natural large wood structures in rivers, such as rafts, debris dams, and log steps, requires determination. River rehabilitation programs need to not only include the reintroduction of large wood, but also carefully plan the spatial distribution of that wood, the most appropriate type and range of large wood structures, and, most importantly, the revegetation of the riparian zone to ensure a natural long‐term source of large wood. Exotic species management is an essential part of river rehabilitation.     

Canadian Landform Examples

The flat topography of the Red River Valley reflects the morphology of underlying bedrock covered with late Quaternary glacial and glaciolacustrine sediments. The meandering Red River occupies a shallow stream‐cut valley that became incised into the Red River Valley plain following the final recession of glacial Lake Agassiz. Extreme flows carried by the river overtop the sides of the stream‐cut valley and spread laterally up to several tens of kilometres across the plain. An array of flood protection infrastructure has been constructed in the landscape to mitigate the flood hazard.     

Changes in stream channel morphology at tributary junctions,Lower Hunter Valley,New South Wales

Many empirically derived models of downstream changes in channel form are based on the concept of hydraulic geometry, whereby changes in channel morphological variables are related by a continuous power function to increasing discharge or its surrogate. However, changes in discharge throughout a drainage basin are normally concentrated at the junctions of stream channels. At junctions, the relationship between discharge and channel morphology is discontinuous. Some Lower Hunter Valley stream channels were surveyed upstream and downstream of tributary junctions. While significant regional downstream relationships were established, consistent trends at tributary junctions were not apparent from the data. It is possible that considerable scatter evident in ratios of change on either side of each junction was due to local within-site variability. In addition, the relative timing of discharge inputs and the nature of introduced sediment loads could be important in determining the magnitude and direction of channel change at tributary junctions. Interrelated changes in cross-sectional, profile and planform variables may be expected below junctions. The resultant channel morphology, in terms of these variables, might not be wholly determinate.     

Outmigration from California: The Role of Migrant Selectivity

Frey (1995) noted that California generated two, separate outmigration streams. The first stream was composed of “negatively selected” migrants, or those with low education and low income levels. These migrants usually selected destinations in neighboring states such as Washington, Oregon, or Colorado. The second stream was more typical of interstate migration flows. Migrants were typically better educated, had higher incomes and destinations that were more national in scope (positively selected). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the income selectivity of outmigrants from California. It was hypothesized that poorly educated migrants are negatively self-selective and the better educated would be positively self-selective. Using data derived from the 1990 PUMS data file, this paper studies the effects of expected wage differentials in determining the selectivity of outmigrants from California. Self-selectivity is accounted for in the modeling process via a two-stage estimation procedure, since estimated returns to migration based on a comparison of individual migrants may be biased due to self-selection. Results reveal no significant or systematic selectivity of the better educated migrants, while self-selection was more important among the poorly educated nonmigrants.     

An assessment of blanket mire degradation and Peatland Gully development in the Cheviot Hills,Northumberland

This paper provides the first systematic assessment of blanket mire degradation in the east Cheviot Hills, Northumberland. The extent of erosion is mapped over a 32 km² area of peat. Erosion affects 37% of the blanket peat. Erosion forms consist of anastomosing (7%), linear (21%) and dendritic (9%) gully systems together with peat slides (<1%). Topography is the primary influence on gully system pattern. Spatial variations in gully form can be partly explained by position in the stream network (stream order) and local variations in the depth of peat. A sequential scheme of gully development is described. Gullies evolve initially through a phase of rapid downcutting to the peat base, followed by lateral erosion and gully widening becoming dominant through a process of roughly parallel wall retreat. As gully width increases re‐deposition of peat occurs and re‐vegetation occurs on the gully floor. Comparative photography reveals that gully patterns have been stable over the past 32 years and in some areas for over 70 years. It is possible that gully systems in places are in excess of 500 years old.     

认识论哲学观及其超越

认识论哲学观是西方传统哲学的主流哲学观。认识论哲学观主张,哲学是人类以理性对全部世界的总体图景、基本性质、内在本质和运动规律进行认识,获取系统化的理性知识并做出科学说明的活动,是系统性的理性知识和真理的体系。本文在论述认识论哲学观的基础上,指出认识论哲学观隐藏着深沉的生存论关切,现代生存论哲学观是对传统认识论哲学观的超越。     

回眸中国古代地方政治的贪腐与黑暗

以马克思主义对等级授职制批判为指导,分五个方面对古代地方政治的主流予以回顾和总结。强调历朝历代地方政治的贪腐与黑暗,简直就是在一个模子里刻出来的。这个模子非它,就是专制主义中央集权的等级授职制,各种贪腐与黑暗的遗传密码正是在这个模子里得到了世世代代的传承和发扬。研究中国古代地方政治,正是为了将古代地方政治制度史,写成活的地方政治制度史。在一般情况下,信息传递对地方政治的好坏,其作用是相当次要的。     

Maps of Waters of the Land in National Atlases

In this article, which is part of a series on national atlases, the author makes recommendations for the selection of maps and map content to be incorporated into the atlas section devoted to the water resources of the land. She divides the maps into two major classes: maps of drainage patterns, and maps of the characteristics of stream regime.     

THE BEHAVIOUR OF ARTEFACTS AS SEDIMENTARY PARTICLES IN A FLUVIATILE ENVIRONMENT

Lower Palaeolithic artefacts are frequently contained in fluviatile deposits, and it follows that a consideration of the stream processes which resulted in their deposition and preservation is necessary in order to evaluate the archaeological significance of such ‘assemblages’. This note indicates some aspects of artefact taphonomy of particular importance, in the hope that it may stimulate a more empirical approach to the contextual study of implement groups.     

Radon and Asbestos: A Study of Agenda Setting and Causal Stories

Employing Kingdon's model of agenda setting (1984) and Stone's notion of causal stories (1989), this article examines how public concerns about radon and asbestos reached the congressional agenda. Several conclusions about agenda setting and causal stories are offered: First, scientific consensus about health risks was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for radon and asbestos to achieve agenda status. Second, media involvement and the presence of policy entrepreneurs were critical factors in the agenda setting process. Third, differing incentives within the policy stream (for radon) and the political stream (for asbestos) affected the speed by which agenda setting occurred, as well as the shaping of formal policy.