Moral assemblages of volunteer tourism development in Cusco,Peru

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we develop a conceptual approach from which to examine the moral landscape of volunteer tourism development in Cusco, Peru. Drawing from recent work on assemblage theory in geography and tourism studies, we explore how assemblage thinking can facilitate new understandings of volunteer tourism development. Using assemblage as an analytical framework allows us to understand volunteer tourism as a series of relational, processual, unequal and mobile practices. These practices, we argue, are constituted through a broader aggregation of human and non-human actors that co-construct moral landscapes of place. Thus, reconsidering volunteer tourism as assemblage allows for more inclusive and nuanced understandings of how geopolitical discourses as well as historical, political, economic and cultural conjunctures mediate volunteer tourism development, planning and policy. Finally, this paper calls for further research that integrates assemblage theory and tourism planning and development.     

国际法对文化遗产旅游利用认识的演进

文化遗产保护的国际法是文化遗产保护和利用的基本依据.本文通过梳理近百年来国际法中关于旅游利用方面的内容,揭示了国际法对旅游利用的认识与态度的变化趋势.本文认为,国际法对文化遗产旅游利用的认识与态度的重要转变主要体现在3个方面,即：从对环境影响的关注到对经济社会文化影响的关注;从对遗产的原真性与完整性保护需要的关注到对社区发展与游客精神体验需要的关注;从对待旅游利用被动、消极的态度到主动、积极的态度.我国当前的文化遗产旅游利用实践远未与国际法接轨,遗产保护与旅游利用的立法尚处于缺失阶段,因此须完善文化遗产保护与利用的相关立法以引导和规范文化遗产旅游利用的实践.     

旅游食物浪费研究评述及展望

旅游食物浪费是我国食物浪费问题的重灾区,其根源在于旅游活动特有的非日常和反结构特征。但目前我国旅游食物研究大多仍关注资源开发和消费促进,浪费研究则处于描述性的起步阶段。本文对国内外旅游食物浪费相关文献进行评述,分析了旅游食物浪费研究的总体特征、概念基础与内容,指出国内研究主要集中在消费端的测量和行为分析;从旅游食物体验的独特性质出发,基于消费文化与旅游体验视角对旅游食物浪费进行溯源;梳理了有助于解决旅游食物浪费问题的理论,包括消费文化视角下从资源消耗型食物消费到环境综合消费、综合价值提升以减少资源成本、基于全价值链参与提升认知和情感以减少浪费;也包括旅游体验视角下针对不同食物体验性质探索节约路径、创造多维度体验以减少资源消耗、以食物共享和慢食为代表的可持续理念的运用等;最终,文章对解决旅游食物浪费问题的未来研究提出了参考框架,从关注点、理念、对象和领域出发,提出议题和对应方法,为兼顾目的地食物价值增值和减少粮食资源消耗提供理论参照。     

中国旅游业更加可持续的发展:小步伐大策略

近年来,西方研究人员在撰写有关中国旅游的课题时,对可持续发展旅游业给予了特别的关注。"可持续发展旅游业"这一词可理解为为了达到社会文化、自然环境、以及旅游业经济增长这三点之间的和谐关系而努力发展的旅游业。本文回顾了全球各方力量对旅游业的塑造,并指出在创造积极的旅游前景时其可持续发展性所面临的挑战。对如何执行和研究可持续发展所采取的具体措施及对其的深度理解是当前研究的热点。通过五大路径,十种个人行为及四个组织模块建立可持续发展旅游业的主导思想。     

中国6大热点城市入境旅游消费结构比较研究

本文以北京、上海、广州等中国6大旅游热点城市为研究对象,收集1995—2004年的相关统计数据,引入旅游消费结构高级化指数β,对6城市的入境旅游消费结构进行横向及纵向比较研究,得出如下结论：（1）一个地区的旅游消费结构由包括地区总体发展状况、消费水平、旅游产品类型等在内的多种因素决定,因此,不能孤立地、绝对地以旅游消费结构（以β值反映）为指标来衡量地区旅游产业的成熟度,而应对其进行动态的考察;（2）一个地区旅游消费结构的变化（β值变化）与地区旅游业的发展通常呈现一定的正相关性,一个地区的β线对地区旅游业发展具有重要的指示作用;（3）旅游消费结构的演变状况（β值的变化）在一定程度上既反映了地区宏观背景所提供给旅游业的发展后劲,也反映了旅游业对地区其它产业的相关带动作用。     

Understanding local innovation systems in peripheral tourism destinations

Tourism destinations in peripheral areas are often large regions established by centralised government agencies to encourage collaboration between dispersed communities and foster innovation. Relatively little research attention has been paid to the impact that centrally defined destination boundaries have on whether and how small communities contribute to innovation at a regional level. This paper examines the case of Burra, a small town in rural South Australia. It analyses the networking, collaboration and knowledge exchange behaviour of tourism stakeholders in the context of the state-government-defined ‘Clare Valley’ tourism region. Data were drawn from a web-based social network analysis, in-depth interviews, historic document analysis and field observations. The study found that the local tourism system had limited aspirations and capabilities to collaborate with other towns in the region. Lack of regional engagement was only partially due to intra-regional competition and resistance to regional boundaries. More significant barriers included a local culture of operating in isolation, an embedded reliance on public sector leadership to manage systemic interactions, an aging system with limited ambition to change and an inability to harness in-migrants and externally based stakeholders to stimulate knowledge transfer. Changing the imposed destination boundaries would have limited impact on the operation of the local system. The paper concludes that effective regional destination development in peripheral areas needs to be better informed by more detailed understandings of local tourism systems and their capacities to engage.     

布迪厄实践理论视角下民族旅游与社会性别的互动——以龙胜金坑红瑶为例

在剖析现有研究忽视民族旅游与社会性别互动缺陷的基础上,提出在布迪厄的实践理论框架内可以实现二者统一的观点。然后以龙胜金坑梯田旅游与红瑶女性角色变迁为调查对象,借助布迪厄实践理论的四个关键概念--场域、惯习、资本和策略,很好地解释了金坑旅游与红瑶女性角色变迁的互动机制。研究表明:场域的变化提供了社会性别功能发挥的空间,不同的社会性别在不同的场域内依靠自身所拥有的资本形式,通过相应的内在策略实践与外在偏好选择实现了不同资本功能的转换,资本功能的实现又生成并强化了惯习的形成,并最终表现为场域结构的优化与功能的提升。     

试论旅游活动"新六要素"

吃、住、行、游、购、娱六要素是旅游活动最低层次的需要、最基本的保证。我国旅游业经过数十年的发展,旅游活动的要素有了变化。本文提出了现阶段的旅游活动“新六要素”：资源、环境、文化、科技、余暇、金钱,试图解释旅游活动的要素应当随着旅游业的发展而变化。     

Topologies of tourism enclaves

Abstract

Research on tourism enclaves has relied mainly on topographical understandings of the phenomenon. The focus has been on the ontic, that which is or exists instead of the relational qualities or properties of tourism enclaves. Topographical conceptions thus tend to simplify enclavic processes and attributes that are much more complex than meets the eye. In this article, we make the case for topological understandings of tourism enclaves, based on a relational ontology, as a complement. We thereby strive to offer more nuanced conceptions of tourism enclaves. We depart from Agamben’s political ontology to illustrate our claim. Seen topologically, tourism enclaves are not simply spaces marked-off from the norm, but rather constituents of the norm. Tourism enclaves need to be theorized as ‘prototypes’ or ‘laboratories’ of new subjectivities (ways of being, relating, and experiencing the world). The tourist thus emerges as a model figure of biopolitics in the contemporary, the norm rather than the exception. The tourist is not that which is abandoned by the sovereign in the manner of Agamben, but rather a free exilant, a subject that self-willingly chooses abandonment. We deploy topological concepts, like Agamben’s the ban, the camp, and state of exception. Such a conception, we argue, widens the ontological register or horizon of tourism theory.     

旅游目的地形象测量内容的研究综述

本文将形象界定为用于记录与外界相互作用过程中事物所呈现的状态及属性的信息,从而实现中西方学者在旅游目的地形象内涵理解上的对接。在此基础上,本文将目的地形象分成本体形象、传播形象与感知形象三个层面,就每个层面形象测量的内容进行归纳综述,从而将目的地形象测量内容的众多观点置于一个可统一、可比较的框架中,从而为我国的目的地形象测量研究与实践提供参考。     

旅游产品特点、消费技术与景区解说系统

在旅游产业发展进程中旅游景区的重要性和竞争压力越来越大。本文在这样一种宏观背景下,分析了传统的旅游产品的定义,指出了其逻辑上的问题,从新角度研究了旅游产品的特点,指出应该从旅游者与旅游企业之间的交易、旅游者自身的生产消费这两个角度来理解,提出了旅游经历与旅游体验之间的差异;从旅游者生产消费形成自身私有产品的角度分析,指出应该重视旅游过程中的消费技术问题,而且由于这种消费技术的可移植性和旅游消费的时空规定性,要以高于重视工业产品的消费问题的态度对待旅游消费技术的问题,从而论证了景区解说系统对于旅游景区及旅游目的地发展的重要作用,尤其是对于我国这样一个具有悠久深厚历史文化的观光国家而言,意义尤为重大。     

双休日休闲旅游市场特征及产品开发

本文对双休日休闲旅游性质及其市场特征进行了分析,认为这一旅游形式在当前我国国内旅游发展中占有重要地位,其旅游动机回归自然趋向明显,市场具有范围有限、组织化差、基本消费为主、淡旺季不明显等特征,最后,提出了双休日休闲旅游产品开发的主要方向。     

基于后现代旅游消费文化理念下规划项目市场门槛探讨——以景区旅游项目为例

随着旅游业的蓬勃发展,旅游消费已成为后现代社会消费行为中的重要组成部分,且旅游消费逐渐形成文化理念,然而,国内外针对旅游项目的研究还未深入到旅游消费文化规律下对规划项目市场门槛的探讨。正是如此,本文试图在后现代旅游消费文化理念下,从旅游项目(类型)市场门槛探讨的基本原理与方法着手,以景区索道项目建设为例对后现代旅游消费文化设施类项目的市场门槛进行预测。     

西部典型区农村居民旅游消费特征及影响因素研究——以甘肃省农村居民为例

文章以甘肃省农村居民为个案,基于甘肃省526位农村居民的微观调查数据,对西部典型地区农村居民旅游消费特征及其影响因素进行了定量考察。研究表明:甘肃省农村居民旅游消费观念落后,消费意愿不够强烈,出游频数较低,年均旅游消费支出相当有限,偏好与亲友结伴出游,出游时间主要集中于农闲时间,出游目的主要以探亲访友和观光游览为主,出游选择的交通工具主要为汽车和火车,亲友介绍是其获取旅游信息的主要渠道。与东、中部较发达地区农村居民旅游消费有所不同,可自由支配收入及旅游产品价格依然是影响甘肃省农村居民旅游消费的主导因素。     

Going Places: The Historical Archaeology of Travel and Tourism

This paper briefly introduces the topics of tourism, consumption, and heritage management considered in this special issue. Contributors to the special issue focus on tourism within nineteenth- and twentieth-century America and its connections to industrial capitalism and the creation of a culture of consumption. These issues are addressed in case studies of tourist sites, including archaeological sites.     

Tourism destination zoning in mountain regions: a consumer-based approach

This paper puts into question the conventional way of delineating tourism destination borders in terms of taken-for-granted administrative boundaries. Despite the fact that the literature on destination boundaries advocates for conceptual frameworks where customers’ consumption patterns play a more fundamental role, instances of actual attempts of structuring tourism geographies into ‘new tourism areas’ are scant, and instances of zoning on the basis of visitors’ consumption patterns are absent. A method for identifying alternative and more effective consumption-based tourism zones that combines geographical information system and hierarchical cluster analysis techniques, and that relies on time distances between attractions, is thus proposed, and implemented in the case of the Pyrenees mountain region. As a result the region is restructured into nine new tourism zones, which, compared to the original destinations, are more uniform in size and have a higher correlation index between attractiveness and accommodation intensity; they also have different levels of cross-border intensity and are very similar to historical regions; and the more they differ from the original destinations the higher their attractiveness, which supports the effectiveness of the new zoning technique. Four types of tourism zones ranging from higher to lower tourism intensity are also identified.     

Unpacking the landscape of female sex tourism in Kenya: a film analysis of Paradise: Love

This article examines Paradise: Love (2012, Dir. Ulrich Seidl), a compelling filmic account of the problematics of race, ethnicity, gender, and nation that organize contemporary accounts of female sex tourism. The storyline and visual imagery of the film positions Kenya – and a Eurocentric, homogenized, and reductive (mis)understanding of parts of ‘Africa’ – as an imagined site of racial and sexual adventure for older white Western women seeking intimate relationships with a category of local black men, many of whom enter into these sexual relationships in order to supplement personal and family economic shortfalls. This economy of intimate exchange is positioned as a trade of these black Kenyan men’s desire for money, local status, and the potential to travel to the West, for white Western women’s desire for sexual fulfillment from young black men’s bodies and their assumed sexual prowess. Deconstructing the discourses of female sex tourism through Paradise: Love centres the visual and representational components of processes of racialization and sexualization, wherein beach boys and white Western women gaze upon and ‘Other’ each other through essentialist and fetishized understandings of racial and sexual difference. In focusing on the power dynamics of female sex tourism in particular, the film plays up the shock value of women sexually exploiting men, pushing viewers to question: who counts as a sex tourist? Ultimately, this article seeks to enrich and extend scholarship that troubles intersecting power structures that shape and inform transnational inter-racial intimacies within economies of eroticized exchange.     

旅游资源适度开发及其度量指标

旅游资源是旅游业生存发展的基础。其数量多少、性能好坏决定旅游业的规模和质量;其损耗速率有无超越自然或人为更新速率则关系到旅游业的发展是否具有可持续性,所以旅游资源必须适度开发。本文在简述旅游产品开发过程的基础上,论述旅游资源适度开发的含义及其必要性;由此提出,为了衡量旅游资源的开发强度,须以与旅游资源最大承载力对应的旅游产品允许的最适宜游客容量作为测度标准;再以此为参照,找出各种客观与主观制约因素,诸如自然资源损耗率等自然因素及游客心理等主观因素,据此规定附属资源的开发量,并以相应的旅游管理措施作为保障。旅游资源适度开发度量指标为旅游规划和旅游管理提供度量依据。     

国内外旅游城镇化研究进展

作为一种特殊类型的城镇化,旅游城镇化已成为新型城镇化的重要抓手,同时也是旅游地理学研究的重要课题。本文在对国内外相关文献综合梳理的基础上,对旅游城镇化的概念内涵、驱动因素、特征与影响进行研究对比与综合评述。通过对上述问题的系统回顾,展示旅游城镇化的发展历程及研究价值,辨明旅游城镇化研究的核心问题,以期为该领域的深入研究提供有力支撑。在当前中国旅游城镇化的消费特征、社会阶层、主客关系、身份认同、城市与文化表征亟需深入探索与案例研究的背景下,国外有关旅游城镇化发展模式与特征的研究成果,对我国未来的旅游城镇化具有重要的指导与借鉴意义。     

Between fan pilgrimage and dark tourism: competing agendas in overseas field learning

An overseas field learning itinerary can be a powerful pedagogical tool for both directing student attention and complicating preexisting spatial narratives. However, one must beware of using the itinerary to replace one narrative with another. This paper examines the itinerary negotiation for a 15-day overseas field module conducted three consecutive years. It uses the concepts of fan pilgrimage and dark tourism to explain the inclusion of two destinations and introduces a student-led research project that produced nuanced understandings of Japan’s rural geographies. Evidence comes from reflective field diaries, oral debrief sessions, written assignments, and an anonymous post-module survey.