URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF MOSCOW

A prominent analyst of Soviet agricultural developments examines the 1992 grain harvest in the former Soviet republics. Coverage includes selective attention to the effects of such factors as weather (both losses from drought and from winterkill), farmers' economic calculations (purchase prices, alternative markets, etc.), the availability of inputs, and measures undertaken at the local level to support the harvest. The assessment provided here indicates that earlier projections of a dramatically smaller 1992 grain harvest have been overstated and outlines measures that can be implemented to reduce dependency on grain imports.     

体验性网络团购对城市商业空间组织的影响

我国网购市场的发展培养了一代网络购物用户和大量服务商,网络团购相应发展,其现实影响有待评估。本研究选择石家庄7网为资料源,应用若干方法探讨一种新型电子商业业态--体验性网络团购对城市商业空间组织的影响,这对优化城市商业布局具有一定意义。文章首先回顾了石家庄市商业格局的演变和团购网站的应用,然后基于街道、产品、成交量等方面的数据,阐述其现实影响。研究发现:①电子商业模式作用下的商业网点空间分布仍然具有很强的区位特征,受基础设施作用而在繁华街道集聚,增强了中心的极化。②给周边地区商业网点带来新的商机,盘活了周边商业空间,进一步证明电子商务的扩散功能。③引发了一种新型商业业态--楼宇经济的崛起,网络团购与楼宇商业形成的良好互动,对城市就业以及通勤都产生长远影响。④零售商业正在追逐电子商务所带来的优势,价格体系、经营方式及商业政策都面临极大挑战,需要营造一种可以保证电子商业良好发展的环境。     

南京市区就业空间布局研究

本文采取就业密度分析方法,对南京市区就业空间布局进行实证研究。在南京市区现有11个区的基础上将南京市区划分为159个研究单元。依据2005年南京市1%人口抽样调查资料中"区县层面"分行业就业数据,以及2006年南京市用地现状图,修正匹配得到各个研究单元制造业、服务业、商业金融业及总的就业密度值。并运用Arcgis软件对就业密度值进行核密度分析以及3D模拟,分析南京市区制造业、服务业以及总就业的空间布局特征及原因机制。     

SPATIAL ASYMMETRIC DUOPOLY WITH AN APPLICATION TO BRUSSELS' AIRPORTS*

ABSTRACT In this paper, the problem of a city with access to two firms or facilities (shopping malls, airports, commercial districts) selling a differentiated product (shopping, flights) and/or offering a differentiated workplace is studied. Transport connections to one facility are congested. A model is presented for this asymmetric duopoly game that can be solved for a Nash equilibrium in prices and wages. A comparative statics analysis is used to illustrate the properties of the equilibrium. A numerical model is then applied to the two Brussels airports. Three stylized policies are implemented to address the congestion problem: expansion of transport capacity, congestion pricing, and a direct subsidy to the uncongested facility. Our results indicate that the degree of intrinsic differentiation between the two firms is crucial in determining the difference in profit and market share. Price and wage differences also depend on trip frequency and consumer preferences for diversity. Congestion pricing is the most effective policy tool but all three options are shown to have attractive attributes.     

基于区域城市体系的旅游地域系统空间组织研究——以江苏为例

本文强调了旅游资源"集中性"的功能属性,并区分了地域、线性、等级、节点四种集中性,揭示了旅游资源经济、交通指向性的空间布局特征。通过分析旅游地域系统同区域城市体系在要素、结构及功能上的多层耦合关系,归纳出一定区域城市支持下的旅游地域系统空间组织---地域旅游城市网络等级体系模式。并通过分析城市体系空间结构、城市旅游功能结构,结合旅游业产业特性,划分出三个等级构成:中心旅游城市、旅游城市、特色旅游城镇或旅游景区。最后给出了江苏地域旅游城市网络体系空间组织。     

长江三角洲地区城镇空间组织模式的结构与特征

本文基于产业结构升级与城镇空间组织模式协同的视角,运用主成分和聚类分析方法,对长江三角洲地区城镇空间组织模式的结构与特征进行了探讨,以此为长三角城市群规划编制提供科学依据。本文认为:①长三角城市群实际上涵盖了7大都市圈,各都市圈之间的边界存在有许多重叠的部分;②根据上述结果与断裂点分析,城镇空间组织模式的结构实际上是由5大不同等级、不同范围、相互交叉、大圈套小圈、圈圈相扣的都市圈所构成的"多元圈层"结构,并由核心区内圈向外呈分指状发散性分布,核-缘拓展的特征比较明显。     

国家空间分异与国家空间视角的中国城市研究思路初探

中国城市研究的主流理论视角一直忽视国家的内部空间分异,国家空间理论的发展为从理论上重新审视国家的空间分异提供了的可能。在此基础上,介绍了国家空间视角的内涵及其在海外地理学研究中的发展与应用,分析了中国城市内部的国家空间组织的独特性及国家空间重构实践的丰富性,指出这种理论视角在中国城市研究中具有显著的应用可能性和必要性,并基于中国城市的政治经济背景提出了中国化的国家空间概念与分析框架。在此基础上,探讨了基于国家空间视角的重要城市研究议题及其可能面临的挑战与局限性。     

空间联系视角的沈阳市多中心城市结构研究

以沈阳市为研究案例,借鉴国际著名团队POLYNET的研究经验并加以改良,进行了空间联系视角的多中心城市结构的实证分析。分别从人口密度分布、就业-居住空间联系网络与企业空间组织网络三个维度来识别沈阳市的人口中心、就业中心与产业中心,综合分析这些"中心"得出四点结论:①城市核心区就业与居住中心构成十字交叉的内循环结构;②浑南新区次中心特征颇具雏形;③外围人口中心、就业中心与产业中心错位发展;④沈阳市呈现不均衡的多中心结构特征。     

BAYESIAN MODEL AVERAGING IN THE CONTEXT OF SPATIAL HEDONIC PRICING: AN APPLICATION TO FARMLAND VALUES

ABSTRACT Specification uncertainty arises in spatial hedonic pricing models because economic theory provides no guide in choosing the spatial weighting matrix and explanatory variables. Our objective in this paper is to investigate whether we can resolve uncertainty in the application of a spatial hedonic pricing model. We employ Bayesian Model Averaging in combination with Markov Chain, Monte Carlo Model Composition. The proposed methodology provides inclusion probabilities for explanatory variables and weighting matrices. These probabilities provide a clear indication of which explanatory variables and weighting matrices are most relevant, but they are case specific.     

SPATIAL ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE IN AN URBAN HIERARCHY SYSTEM

ABSTRACT. This paper develops a model to examine the economic interaction between central places and their hinterlands. The model allows interindustry linkages and upward trade flows in an urban hierarchy system. Trade balance equilibrium between hierarchical levels is established by direct mutual interlevel trade, rather than by indirect trade via the rural sector. The economic base multipliers generally increase with city size but occasionally they could be smaller than those of lower places. A continuous urban hierarchy is formed due to their relative location within the system, not to unspecified randomness.     

A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO SOLVING INFEASIBLE RAS PROBLEMS

ABSTRACT The RAS procedure is widely used to update national and regional input-output tables and international trade tables and to construct regional tables from national ones. Special problems, however, have been encountered when the procedure is used to adjust interregional trade tables. In this paper, the special properties of interregional trade tables that increase the likelihood of nonconvergence of the RAS procedure are discussed, and two linear programming methods of solving infeasible RAS problems are provided. First, a closed linear programming approach, which enables exogenous information to override the purely mechanical solution of infeasible RAS problems, is presented. Finally, the open linear programming approach is applied successfully to adjust U.S. interregional trade data that had previously failed to converge using the RAS procedure.     

城市空间结构增长原理

城市空间结构是城市地理学、城市规划学的核心研究内容之一。城市结构增长作为一个十分复杂的空间现象,而一直引起各方面学者的关注。本文基于对西方各学派相关研究方法及成果的系统考察,从结构增长、空间组织、增长过程三个方面,以若干具体的原理,对城市空间结构增长进行了全面、深入地阐释,研究了新经济环境、技术要素的相关影响,揭示了城市空间结构演化是建构在社会经济发展过程中的空间过程这一基本原理。本文对城市空间结构研究进行了丰富与完善。     

我国城市犯罪空间防控研究二十年

从4个方面透视了我国20年来城市犯罪空间防控的研究进展。(1)溯源-学习与批判。国外的犯罪原因传统理论、犯罪新理论和城市犯罪空间理论等,为我国城市犯罪空间防控研究提供了理论素养和反面教训。(2)历程-理念与实践。城市犯罪空间防控研究从介绍国外研究成果并蕴育科学理念,到结合中国国情尝试应用实践,再到初步提出理论体系,经历了一个短暂而并不缓慢的发展历程。(3)凝练-概念与框架。理清了空间防控的概念内涵、理论要点,阐明了空间防控的不可替代性。(4)展望-拓展与深化。我国城镇化的客观需求必将为空间防控研究提供强大的推动力,地理学必将在空间防控研究领域里取得重大而独特的成就。     

MODELING SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION IN SPATIAL INTERACTION DATA: AN APPLICATION TO PATENT CITATION DATA IN THE EUROPEAN UNION*

ABSTRACT Spatial interaction models of the gravity type are widely used to model origin–destination flows. They draw attention to three types of variables to explain variation in spatial interactions across geographic space: variables that characterize an origin region of a flow, variables that characterize a destination region of a flow, and finally variables that measure the separation between origin and destination regions. This paper outlines and compares two approaches, the spatial econometric and the eigenfunction‐based spatial filtering approach, to deal with the issue of spatial autocorrelation among flow residuals. An example using patent citation data that capture knowledge flows across 112 European regions serves to illustrate the application and the comparison of the two approaches.     

试论城镇群体空间的组织调控

在工业化、后工业化的催动及交通、信息条件的支撑下,城镇群体化发展已经成为全球化的现象。文章介绍了西方国家城镇群体空间的典型调控模式,分析了市场力量与规划调节力量在其空间组织调控中的作用,并提出城镇群体空间的组织调控是一个准市场行为的观念,以期对中国的相应研究与实践提供一定的借鉴。