从《孟子》“养浩然之气”的诠释看朱王异同

朱子与王阳明对于《孟子》知言养气章"养浩然之气"一节的诠释出现显著不同。王阳明以"致良知"为旨归,认为工夫全在"必有事"上,不需说"勿忘、勿助",而"必有事"只是"集义","集义"只是"致良知"。因王阳明的思想多是在与朱子长期的"对话"中形成的,故他对此节的一些解释又直接承自朱子。所以,通过分析王阳明对此节的诠释,并对比与朱子对此节诠释的异同,不仅可以管窥他晚年以"致良知"涵盖一切成圣工夫的诠释学特色,同时还能了解朱子的思想对王阳明的重要影响以及二人以对"格物"的不同理解为基点的差异。     

明代中后期的《大学》文本改订竞争运动

理学经典《大学》从受到宋儒重视开始,其文本就被赋予了变动不居的特性。朱熹通过改订《大学》文本,为其"即物穷理"学说建立起经典根据;王阳明则通过提倡恢复《礼记》中的《大学古本》来批判朱子理学的经典基础,并从古本中获得"致良知"学说的经典依据。朱子和阳明这种创立理学新说的做法,为明代中后期的理学家提供了重要的方法论启示:从《大学》文本改订入手,进行理学学说创新活动。因而中晚明时期不仅产生了大量在朱子和阳明两种文本之间进行折衷、调和的《大学》改本,还涌现了海外引进本、伪造石经本、先秦古文字本、深山中所藏古刻本等各种充满奇思妙想的文本,形成持续百余年的《大学》文本改订竞争运动。晚明面世的两种《大学》文本和解释汇编书,为这场运动留下了即时性的资料见证。     

《哈姆莱特》经典独白解读

《哈姆莱特》的第一幕第三场中有哈姆雷特关于生死问题的经典独白,这段独白可以说是深入认识哈姆莱特个人性格甚至是理解整个戏剧的关键。独白不仅是针对哈姆菜特个人的复仇计划同时也包含着深刻的意蕴。长久以来,学者们对于这段经典独白有很多不同的解读。本文将从哈姆莱特个人性格、戏剧情节、社会意义等角度深入解读这段独白在戏剧中的合理性和不可或缺性。     

朱子四德說續論

對於四德而言,朱子的討論包含了三種分析的論述,即"從理看","從氣看","從物看"。但總起來説,應當承認,朱子的思想不斷發展出一種論述的傾向,即不再把元亨利貞僅僅理解爲理,而注重將其看作兼賅體用的流行之統體的不同階段,如將其看作元氣流行的不同階段。由於天人對應,於是對仁義禮智的理解也依照元亨利貞的模式發生變化,即仁義禮智不僅僅是性理,也被看作生氣流行的不同發作形態。這導致朱子的四德論在其後期更多地趨向"從氣看"、"從物看"、從"流行之統體"看,使得朱子的哲學世界觀不僅有理氣分析的一面,也有流行統體的一面,而後者更可顯現出朱子思想的總體方向。     

朱子四德说续论

对於四德而言,朱子的讨论包含了三种分析的论述,即“从理看”,“从气看”,“从物看”。但总起来说,应当承认,朱子的思想不断发展出一种论述的倾向,即不再把元亨利贞仅仅理解为理,而注重将其看作兼赅体用的流行之统体的不同阶段,如将其看作元气流行的不同阶段。由於天人对应,於是对仁义礼智的理解也依照元亨利贞的模式发生变化,即仁义礼智不仅仅是性理,也被看作生气流行的不同发作形态。这导致朱子的四德论在其後期更多地趋向“从气看”、“从物看”、从“流行之统体”看,使得朱子的哲学世界观不仅有理气分析的一面,也有流行统体的一面,而後者更可显现出朱于思想的总体方向。     

教会法的精神与历史实践——评彭小瑜教授的《教会法研究》

人云 ,不懂教会历史 ,就不懂中世纪欧洲的历史。理解教会历史 ,不限于教会制度、人物、器物以及事件 ,了解和理解教会所形成的理论同样重要。教会法是经典的、权威的天主教会理论汇编。研读教会法典 ,人们可以更为深刻而公正地理解基督教会参与其中的欧洲社会的历史 ;同样也可以更为公正而深刻地理解教会及其历史本身。彭小瑜的新作《教会法研究———历史与理论》(商务印书馆2 0 0 3年版 ,4 0余万字。以下简称《教会法研究》)通过精致而深刻地解读教会法的经典理论文献 ,阐发了教会法的精神 ,给予中世纪欧洲历史及教会历史以独到的理解和论…     

书写和口传:论中国宗教的两种类型

基于对传统关于中国宗教类型划分观点的批判性解读,本文认为从教理授受角度看中国宗教经典宗教和民间宗教两大类,它们分别奠基于“书写”和“口传”这两种宗教理解和传播方式。文章的第一部分分析了学界关于中国宗教类型的五种划分,文章的第二、三部分阐述了“经典宗教”和“民间宗教”的具体意涵及它们之间的显著区别,章的第四部分探讨了经典宗教和民间宗教的相互交涉。     

朱子伦理思想与明清徽州商业伦理观的转换和建构

朱子以理欲之辨为核心,在公私、义利和诚信及四民职业伦理问题上承继传统儒家伦理的核心价值观,对之做了系统的新阐发。它要求每个人践行儒家伦理道德,正确处理各层面的公私关系,实现儒家的理想人格,以建立一个儒家的理想社会。在秉承朱子之学和家礼的明清徽州,为了适应新的商业社会发展需要,人们以朱子伦理观为基础,同时吸收明清思想家重视个人主体精神、个人治生及"新四民观"等职业伦理思想,建构起一种新的商业伦理观。明清徽州以天理为旨归和价值目标,崇尚"勤俭治家"和"崇俭黜奢"的原则。在处理与家族、乡里、社会和国家等不同层面的公私关系时,践行朱子的公私之辨,以奉公和利公为原则与理想追求。秉承朱子义利观,将以义取利、以义制利和化利为义落实到经营和生活的诸多方面。徽商在经营中崇奉朱子的诚信观,以契约理性来规范商业经营。在看待士商(儒贾)关系及其职业伦理价值时,对朱子的职业伦理观既有突破,更有持守。     

中国最美的溪流(下)——写在武夷山九曲溪畔

<正>美在道南理窟武夷山不仅是洞天福地、人间仙境,还是理学名山。道南理窟,即理学荟萃之地。理学,即朱子理学,是中国封建社会后期官方的正统哲学思想,构成宋末至清代700余年间一直处于统治地位的思想理论,影响远及东亚、东南亚和欧美诸国。而武夷山是朱子理学孕育、形成、发展的发祥地。朱子理学的集大成者朱熹在武夷山从学、著述、传教近50年,朱子理学在这里萌芽、成熟、传播。朱熹等理学家在武夷山的活动,使武夷山成为最著名的理学名山。     

道不远人——今天如何读经典

近些年来,从频频见诸报端的大学国学班,到层出不穷的幼儿经典诵读,传统文化大有复兴之势。可是,质疑的声音也不绝于耳:适用于农业社会的传统经典,真的能解决二十一世纪全球化时代中国人所面临的各种心灵问题?我们该如何看待经典、解读经典?最近热销的《于丹〈论语〉心得》似乎让人们找到了一些答案。该书作者就是从四岁起就开始读《论语》、浸淫经典至今的北京师范大学教授于丹,她对于经典自有一番体味。看于丹如何解读经典,或许能给浮躁的现代人以有益的启示。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.