PERCEPTIONS OF ENERGY PROBLEMS AND THE ADOPTION OF CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN EDMONTON AND CALGARY

The success of government efforts to stimulate energy conservation among the public ultimately depends on understanding patterns of energy consumption, perceptions of energy resources, and the adoption of conservation practices. These issues were addressed in a survey of residents of Edmonton and Calgary. Most respondents dismissed the seriousness of energy problems at the provincial level, although energy scarcity at the national and global scales was widely recognized. Conservation behaviour was characterized by a narrow range of adjustments perceived and adopted, attributable largely to patterns of resource perception and socio-economic factors.
La réussite des efforts gouvernementaux pour stimuler les conservations d'energie dépend, en dernière analyse, d' une compréhension des schémas de la consommation énergétique, desperceptions des resourcesénergétiques, et del'adoption d' habitudesconservatrices. On a interrogé les habitants d' Edmonton et de Calgary ace sujet. La plupart des réponses ignorent la gravité des problèmes d'énergie au niveau provincial, quoiqu'elles admettent la précarité des ressources énergétiques à l' échelle nationale et mondiale. L' attitude conservatrice se distingue plus particulikrèment à partir d' ajustements limités reliés géneralement aux schémas de perceptions énergétiques et aux facteurs socio-économiques.     

对我国世界遗产品牌价值的保护策略研究

我国对遗产旅游以及相关的开发利用都制定了保护措施,然而针对遗产品牌价值的保护问题却一直缺乏相应的规定。加之世界遗产的公共资源属性而使我国许多地区出现企业争抢使用遗产品牌的混乱局面。为此,笔者通过相关网站对我国部分世界遗产品牌的使用状况进行搜索,并通过发放调查问卷等方式,对社会公众的世界遗产品牌认知情况和被企业使用后的态度等问题进行了抽样调查。通过统计软件的分析可以看出世界遗产品牌价值的使用已严重影响了世界遗产文化价值的传播、发展与实现,从而指出保护世界遗产品牌价值的必要性。最后,结合我国世界遗产品牌的使用现状提出了相应的保护策略。     

EVALUATION OF THE ANALYTICAL POTENTIAL OF LASER‐INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROMETRY (LIBS) FOR THE ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL GLASSES*

The novel and—for archaeometrical applications—still rarely used Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (LIBS) was tested on various standard glasses for its spectrometric performance. LIBS is an almost non‐destructive method based on the time‐resolved detection of optical emission following direct laser ablation. A frequency‐quadrupoled Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm was found to cause a hardly visible crater of c. 200 µm in diameter. The application of an innovative high‐resolution Echelle spectrograph allows the fast and simultaneous determination of up to 90 elements in the spectral range from 200 to 780 nm, with a resolution of 10–30 pm under ambient conditions. In principle, LIBS has a high analytical potential for archaeometry; in particular, for the determination of light elements (Li, Be, B and others). Because the measurement parameters (laser energy, delay time and number of pulses) do not independently influence the emission signal, their optimization proved to be complex and is rather a compromise for the range of elements. The effects of sample distance, surface roughness and the accumulation of depth profiles were studied. Problems arose for the determination of sodium and potassium in higher contents due to self‐absorption effects. Quantification tests using a silicon line as internal standard yielded a precision range between 3% and 20% relative, but in general no satisfying accuracy for a number of elements. However, these problems might be overcome in the near future by improved spectrometer set‐ups and matrix correction approaches.     

区域旅游一体化的理论建构与战略设计——以京津冀为例

本文分析了区域旅游一体化的静态和动态经济效益,运用新经济地理学理论研究了区域旅游一体化效益的产生机制,并总结了区域旅游一体化的五种主要模式。以京津冀区域为典型案例,分析了京津冀旅游一体化的背景条件和主要举措,认为京津冀旅游一体化已进入中级阶段,在扩大旅游企业市场规模、串联旅游线路体系、获取内部规模经济和本地化经济等方面已取得长足进展,未来发展的重点应集中在获取城市化经济、鼓励旅游企业跨行政区合作、建立常设性旅游管理机构等方面。     

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SAMPLE‐EXTRACTION METHODS AND THE POTENTIAL FOR CONTAMINATION IN CERAMIC SPECIMENS*

Contamination of ceramic specimens resulting from sample‐preparation techniques has the ability to confound efforts of chemical characterization. Primary contamination, identified by significant concentrations of one or more elements, is easily identified. Secondary contamination, resulting from undetected elements influencing detected elements, is more difficult to identify. Evaluation of six powder‐extraction techniques identifies variable effects of contamination. Extraction by drilling carries the highest risk of contamination. The grinding of specimens with silicon‐carbide wheels may artificially deplete abundances by introducing Si and C. Grinding specimens in an agate mortar and pestle is found to be the technique least likely to result in contamination effects.     

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE METHODOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM RESEARCH*

Research on environmental racism has emphasized positive rationality. While useful for policy and legal interventions, this is problematic from a radical political and theoretical viewpoint. By examining two key research questions–is “race” or class responsible for discriminatory patterns? which came first, the people or the hazard?–I explore the implicit assumptions concerning racism within this framework. This reveals a large, pervasive set of misconceptions, including a tendency to reduce racism to overt actions, denying racism as ideology, and insisting on a fixed, unitary idea of racism. Both scholars committed to antiracism and those who challenge environmental justice activists' claims reproduce these conceptualizations.     

THE TOURISM CLIMATIC INDEX: A METHOD OF EVALUATING WORLD CLIMATES FOR TOURISM

In this essay a method of computing tourism climatic indices (TCIS) is described. These indices represent a quantitative evaluation of world climate for the purposes of international tourism. A series of rating systems is developed to provide a systematic basis for assessing the climatic elements that most affect the quality of the tour- ism experience. The problem of weighting climatic variables in the TCI formula is also discussed. Monthly TCIS have been computed for 453 meteorological stations throughout the world, and the results have been generalized in 12 monthly world maps.
L' article offre une méthode pour calculer des indices climatoogiques touristiques (ICT), qui représentent une évaluation quantitative des climats mondiaux, destinée aux besoins du tourisme international. On développe une série de systèmes d' évaluation d' éléments climatologiques, fournissant ainsi une base systématique pour évaluer lesquels de ces derniers influencent le plus la qualityé de l' expérience touristique vécu. L'article souléve aussi les problhes réliés aux valeurs relatives, soient les poids, des variables qui entrent dans la formule de l' ICT. Des valeurs mensuelles ont été compilées pour 453 stations météorologiques à travers le monde, et les résultats sont présentés, en forme généralisée sur une base mensuelle, dans douze cartes mondiales.     

乌兰察布农业企业发展迟缓的原因及其解决对策

初级农产品经过二次转化后,可以使其价值倍增,很多的农民企业家和当地的政府机关都看重了这块风水宝地,纷纷建起了乡镇企业,对本地的农产品进行消化,以求增值、创税。但是,在乡镇企业发展的过程中,由于流动资金短缺、原材料不足、重复建设等原因,使得众多的乡镇企业发展迟缓,甚至不得不被其他企业兼并或者宣布破产。本文的重点就是要对上述问题存在的原因进行挖掘,并力求给出相应的解决对策。