The transformation of Israel's religious-Zionist middle class

This article argues that the emergence of a new religious-Zionist middle class in Israel may be a factor in restraining the radical potential of the political tendencies that research on religious Zionism has been pointing to for years. It examines, as test cases, the restrained protest against the Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005 and the most recent attempt to change the political leadership of the religious-Zionist parties prior to the 2009 elections. It concludes by connecting the processes described here with a discussion of the possible role of the Israeli middle class in mitigating the rifts within Israeli society.     

Imagining middle powers

Discussions of middle powers in international relations scholarship are hampered by a lack of clarity about what the term ‘middle power’ actually means. This has not stopped increasing numbers of states that cannot claim great power ranking but resist being categorised as small powers imagining middle power status for themselves in regional and global affairs. In an attempt to shed light on middle power imagining, three concepts of middle power are identified. It is contended that one or more of these concepts influences the foreign policies of states ambitious for middle power recognition in regional and global affairs. Identifying which concept, or which combination of concepts, influences a state's middle power imagining may contribute to deeper understandings of the effectiveness, or otherwise, of its foreign policies.     

Skeletal Evidence for Otitis Media in Mediaeval and Post‐Mediaeval Children from Poland,Central Europe

In palaeopathological research, otitis media (OM) is a rarely reported disease, although it is one of the most common diseases of childhood, with potentially severe consequences resulting in physical and social impairment, or even death. The episodes of OM are often preceded by upper respiratory tract infections, though the aetiology of OM is multifactorial, with significant role of environmental factors. In archaeological skeletons, middle ear inflammation is identified as erosive lesions and new bone formation of auditory ossicles. The aim of this study was to examine the skeletal signs of OM in children from a mediaeval early urban site (Cedynia) and a post‐mediaeval rural site (Słaboszewo) located on the territory of Poland. Among the entire sample (N = 435), ear bones were present in 99 skeletons. The total of 168 ossicles were examined. The general frequency of individuals with eroded ossicles was 47.5% (53.4% in Cedynia and 39.0% in Słaboszewo). In the total sample, 33.9% of ear bones showed pathological changes, with the incudes being most frequently affected. The frequency of altered ossicles was significantly higher in the early urban site than in the rural settlement (42.2% vs 25.9%, respectively; Fisher exact test, p = 0.0339). The children aged 0–3 years old tend to have a higher frequency of altered ear bones than the children aged 4–11 years old. The majority of the mastoid processes of the subadults with ear bone erosion show abnormal pneumatisation pattern. The results indicate that the environmental and socio‐cultural conditions in the stronghold likely made their inhabitants more prone to upper respiratory tract infections than the inhabitants of the village. A variety of factors may be responsible for this pattern, such as exposure to dust, environmental pollution, indoor pollution, wood smoke, occupation, population density, sanitation and quality of housing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新中农崛起后中共阶级政策的调整

土地改革后中国农村社会结构最突出的变化是,大多数贫雇衣上升为新中农,农村普遍出现了中农化趋向.新中衣的崛起及农村社会结构的变化,引起了中共中央的高度重视,经过时新中农这一阶层的定性分析,中共在制定合作化运动的阶级政策时,将新中农中间的下中农作为依靠对象,而将其中的上中农列为团结对象.本文主要依靠1950年代大量调查报告、工作汇报及其他文献资料,对土改后新中农的崛起及农材中农化趋势进行细致考察,揭示社会结构变动时中共阶级政策的深刻影响,借以说明土改后党的阶级政策不断调整的合理依据及其调整中的利弊得失.     

新课改下的初中数学教学

数学是一切科学之母”,它是一门研究数与形的科学,它无处不在。要掌握技术,先要学好数学,想攀登科学的高峰,更要学好数学;“教学是锻炼思维的体操”,数学的重要性不仅仅是它蕴合在各个知识领域之中,而且更重要的是,它能很好地锻炼人的思维,有效地提高能力。而能力（理解能力、分析能力、运算能力）则是关系到学习效率的最重要的因素。我们常可以看到这种现象：一次大型考试结束．数学成绩的排队往往和总成绩的排队大体相当。     

春风化雨润心田——谈初中学生班级管理中的细节教育

班主任是学校班级教育工作的组织者和教育者,是联系班级中各科教师的协调者,是沟通学校与各种学生组织、家庭和社会的桥梁,是学校贯彻党的教育方针,促进学生全面健康成长的骨干力量.本文就现实背景下出现错综复杂的学生情况,在担任班主任从事班级管理过程中,如何抓住细节教育的这一环节,寓管理于细节中,达到“春风化雨润心田”良好教育效果方面,谈谈作者的一些体会和想法。     

Sellar Pathology in a middle Bronze Age skull from Southern Italy

This paper describes a case of an intrasellar tumour found in a male skull from Southern Italy dating from the middle Bronze Age. The sella turcica shows considerable enlargement in all diameters, erosion of the dorsum and marked depression of the floor. These features are consistent with a diagnosis of pituitary tumour, probably a non-secreting adenoma.     

Multiculture,middle class competencies and friendship practices in super-diverse geographies

In this paper we use a small number of in-depth interviews with parents with primary school children to examine social mixing and friendship practices in two super-diverse North London boroughs. In these complex geographical contexts, characterized by gentrification processes and old and new migrations, we suggest that primary schools are convergent places where adults and children from different backgrounds are likely to meet and interact, and the paper explores the extent to which adults and children, thrown together in and through these sites, negotiate relationships with those who are differently socially and culturally situated to themselves. Informed by the interview narratives, the paper highlights the importance of focusing on the micro, quotidian ways in which differences in social and/or ethnic background shape those relationships and it explores some instances of the ways in which those differences are routinely encountered, managed and/or avoided. In this way the paper contributes theoretical and empirical nuance to current concerns around difference and diversity and the interactions of complex urban populations by ‘adding’ social class to everyday multiculture perspectives and everyday multiculture perspectives to urban middle class debates.     

让语文课堂成为学生的乐园——初中语文教学之浅见

语文是一门应用最广泛,最接近生活,内容最丰富多彩,最有情趣的学科,语文也应该是学生最感兴趣的课程。然而,深受应试教育影响的中学语文教学将充满人性之美、最具有趣味性的语文变成枯燥乏味的技艺之学,知识之学,乃至畸交为一种应试训练。这种现状与时代发展和社会变革对素质教育的要求相对立。语文教学要走出应试教育的误区,教师必须充分展示课堂教学的魅力,使语文课成为学生求知的乐园。     

The black layer of Middle Palaeolithic combustion structures. Interpretation and archaeostratigraphic implications

Certain aspects of the formation processes of simple, flat archaeological combustion structures such as those present in the Middle Palaeolithic record remain unexplained. Such kind of combustion structures are commonly affected by postdepositional agents and often, their only distinct, well preserved component is a thin black lens on the ground. Hence, understanding the nature of this black lens is essential towards archaeological interpretation. From an interdisciplinary microstratigraphic approach, we present a case study in which for an entire experimental series of flat combustion structures the black layer represents the fire-altered topsoil on which the fire was made. Parallel analysis of archaeological Middle Palaeolithic combustion structures from the site of El Salt (Alicante, Spain) reveal similar patterns, leading to significant implications for archaeological interpretation. In the light of these results, special attention must be paid to the formation processes of flat Middle Palaeolithic combustion features, as black layers and the material contained in them are not necessarily linked with combustion but with preceding activities or events. In such cases, black layers represent intact remnants of occupation surfaces, concealing significant behavioural and palaeoenvironmental information relevant to the reconstruction of Middle Palaeolithic societies.     

营城子汉墓出土玻璃耳珰的化学成分与制作工艺研究

营城子汉墓位于辽宁省大连市甘井子区,是我国东北地区一处重要的大型汉墓群。营城子汉墓出土了一批玻璃耳珰,为探讨其成型工艺及来源,采用超景深显微系统进行了表面形貌观察,初步认为是模铸成型,并经过打磨。采用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)进行了化学成分分析,结果显示,它们分属铅钡硅酸盐和钾硅酸盐玻璃系统,一件由Cu²⁺着色,其余主要由Co²⁺着色。其为我国自制,所用钴料来源相同,钴料的锰钴比特征与国产钴土矿的类似。并对营城子汉墓出土玻璃耳珰造型与化学成分体系间的关系进行了分析,对玻璃耳珰制作模式进行了初步探讨,进一步加深了对我国古代玻璃耳珰制作与传播的认识。     

近代长江中下游地区农村典当三题

典当是中国农村重要的金融机关,与其它借贷相比,利息较低,属于温和的高利贷.典当与农村经济和农民生活关系密切,它不仅是农民重要的融资机构,而且还是连接都市金融与农村金融的桥梁,对农村金融运转有重要的作用.     

如何改变初中作文教学现状的一些探索

初中作文教学有与其他学习阶段不同的特点,这个阶段,激发学生作文兴趣是关键,引导学生关注生活,并能写出他们喜闻乐见的生活是要点,老师不能只是夸夸其谈,须与学生一起动手,与学生真诚的沟通与交流,在作文评讲时最好是设定教学目标,并考虑到学生学习能力和水平的现状,提出恰当的要求,训练点要小,效果才能突出。     

The Arctic in the middle ages

The rather sparse and dubious data about Arctic regions known to Antiquity were taken over, mostly via Pliny, by the middle ages and reinforced and expanded in significant ways. This paper, which was delivered as an Inaugural Lecture at the University of Groningen in November 1982, reviews the activities and reports of medieval explorers, colonists and traders in or about the Arctic and considers the handful of medieval writers who display some real knowledge about Arctic regions. The generality of medieval writers on history and geography knew little or nothing. Even so, it is shown that here and there references are made to many of the features which are thought of as typically Arctic in the modern popular consciousness, with the exception of igloos and muskoxen. Commercial connections with the Arctic through Novgorod and Bergen are examined, and some account given of contacts with Iceland and the disappearance of the Norse settlement in Greenland. Polar bears and white falcons in western Europe, both of nearly indisputable Arctic origin, are discussed, attention is drawn to the very inadequate portrayal of the Arctic on medieval maps, and the paper closes with a glance at Olaus Magnus's account of northern peoples published in 1555.     

西汉铜座漆耳杯及相关问题的讨论

南京博物院院藏的一件汉代铜座漆耳杯,风格与蜀汉产品极其相近,由此可见当时各地的文化交流和商品流通之一斑。     

浅谈新课程对农村中学外语教学所形成的挑战与思考

农村中学外语教学在新课程中将面临一系列新的挑战,如何认识与应对这些挑战,走出应试教学的阴影,适应课改新形势的发展需要,全面推行素质教育,大面积提高农村中学英语教学质量,有若干问题需要思考与解决。     

The identification of chronic ear disease in the dried skull

Ear disease, and in particular chronic ear infection, has received scant attention in the palaeopathological literature. This paper describes the chronic infection known as cholesteatoma and how it may be identified in the archaeological specimen. A survey is made of the incidence of the condition in a series of pre-dynastic Egyptian skulls.     

18世纪末至19世纪中期英国在印度的“文明使命”

在"文明使命"价值观的指引下,英国人在印度扮演的角色,既是征服者和殖民者,又是统治者和开化者.他们在治理与掠夺印度的过程中,摧毁了印度原有的社会与经济结构,推进了印度社会的近代化,用强力手段将古老的印度拉进了以英国为中心的世界资本主义体系.     

新中农的崛起:土改后农村社会结构的新变动

土地改革后,中国农村社会结构发生了重大变动,其中最突出的现象是大多数贫雇农上升为新中农,农村普遍出现了中农化趋向,农村社会结构从“下边大上边小”的“宝塔式”结构,转为“中间大两头小”的“纺锤形”结构,这种社会结构变动对中共阶级政策产生了深刻影响。     

初中作文有效教学之我见

“有效教学”是充分利用各种教学设施,采取恰当的的教学策略,最大限度的提高教学效率为终极目的的一种新的教学思想,作为初中语文作文教学来讲,更应从有效教学的理念出发,以促进学生的发展为根本,并能把有效教学的理论与作文教学紧密联系,从而探索出作文有效教学的成功经验,这是当前语文老师所面临的又一新的课题。