虢国墓地出土部分青铜器微量元素的分析

将微量元素示踪法与铅同位素比值法结合起来对青铜器矿料的溯源会起到相得益彰的效果。先前对虢国墓地青铜器的铅同位素比值测定表明,其青铜器铅同位素与山西中条山和长江中下游地区都有重合。本次微量元素分析结果显示,虢国墓地青铜器与山西中条山古矿冶遗址微量元素特征不同,而与长江中下游地区的湖北铜绿山古矿冶遗址铜锭的微量元素特征相似,推测长江中下游地区可能为虢国墓地青铜器提供了大量的铜料。此外,微量元素与铅同位素都表明虢国墓地不同墓葬的青铜器基本具有一致的矿料来源。     

东周青铜器铅同位素比值的初步研究

铅同位素比值能够反映矿料的类型及其空间分布,指示矿料的流通方式,并为准确溯源提供重要的线索和判别标准。将东周时期青铜器铅同位素比值数据按时代、地域分组,可以初步构建青铜器矿料的时空框架。春秋早期青铜器的铅同位素比值高度集中,各地均使用A类矿料;春秋中期存在汉淮地区B类矿料与中原地区A类矿料的对立;春秋晚期至战国早期,中原及周边地区主要使用C类矿料。战国中晚期铅同位素比值趋于分散。     

广州地区出土西汉青铜器矿料来源分析

广州地区出土汉代青铜器数量众多，在考古学方面研究成果不少，但通过科技考古研究其产地的却不多。为研究广州地区出土西汉青铜器矿料来源，通过对广州出土西汉青铜器进行成分分析和铅同位素比值测试，与广西、江西、云南、贵州、安徽、湖北、河南、河北、北京等地出土同时期青铜器成分进行比较，发现西汉中晚期各地青铜器合金配比情况基本趋同。且根据含砷等微量元素这一显著特征，认为与广西合浦出土同时期青铜器矿料可能来自同一个地方。测试的铅同位素比值高度集中，其矿料应该来自同一个地方。分别与广东、贵州、云南、陕西、河南等地战国至西汉青铜器铅同位素比值进行比对，发现与广东、贵州、云南出土青铜器矿料来源同属一个大的成矿区，与河南、陕西等地明显区别。验证了学者们在考古学研究认为岭南地区出土西汉青铜器产自本地的观点。     

基于铅同位素比值的古代矿料混合模型分析法

为深入研究古代青铜器示踪矿料来源中矿料混合问题,通过铅同位素研究数据构建矿料混合模型,从理论上探讨满足条件的青铜器数据样本其矿料混合的情况。基于模型,通过对铅同位素数据的处理,不仅能够匹配相应的矿料混合模式,而且可为器物分类提供依据。此外,还可计算出相应的铜料中表观含铅量,为相关研究提供参考依据。     

重庆地区出土青铜器铅同位素比值研究

青铜器矿料来源和产地研究,是青铜时代至关重要的考古问题,也是考古的重点和难点之一.通过比较青铜器样品和矿床的Pb同位素分析数据,可以进行青铜金属原料来源的产地研究.为此,本工作利用MAT262固态离子源型质谱仪对重庆地区云阳李家坝遗址,涪陵小田溪墓群,万州大坪墓群,开县余家坝遗址东周时期巴地青铜器的铅同位素进行了测定和比值研究.结果显示其中合金中铅都为普通铅,而非放射性成因铅.实验数据反映出206Pb/204 Pb比值分布在17.4630 ～ 18.6960,207 Pb/204 Pb比值分布在15.5573 ～ 15.8490,208 pb/204 Pb比值分布在36.7828 ～39.3869,除了两个数据外,大部分器物铅同位素比值分布范围几乎重叠,显示了稳定铅源的存在.此外,这批数据与滇川黔铅锌多金属成矿区的底苏和大梁子矿床数据分布范围相近,局部重合,表明其铅料来源与这一地区有着一定的关系.实验结果反映了重庆地区东周青铜器群在铅料来源上具有同一性和连续性,说明了巴人在春秋时期就已经建立了独立的青铜冶铸业,一直延续到战国时期.     

巴尔干中部地区青铜器的锡同位素比值分析

正同位素比值分析是解决青铜器矿料来源问题的有效手段之一,其中铅同位素分析已经较为成功地运用在了青铜器铜矿和铅矿的来源分析中。近年来,锡同位素比值研究取得了一定的进展,但是由于缺乏大量的数据进行比较,且冶炼、铸造过程是否会造成锡同位素的明显分馏仍然存在争议,因此仍需要大量研究来验证锡同位素溯源是否可行。不同于欧洲中部和西部地区,巴尔干地区的锡矿记录很少:在塞尔维亚西部有一些小型的冲积砂矿;在     

从铅同位素比值试析商周时期青铜器的矿料来源

1．商代中原青铜器的铅同位素比值结果 在中国冶金术的起源研究中．商周时期青铜器的矿料来源问题,显得格外引人瞩目,半个多世纪以来,这一问题作为涉及商周历史的重大学术课题,一直得到人们的足够重视。郭沫若、唐兰、容庚、闻广等前辈都进行过热烈的讨论,     

洛阳北窑西周墓出土青铜器科技分析研究

本文对洛阳北窑西周墓地出土青铜器进行科技分析。结果表明,北窑墓地出土西周铜器的锡料用量与殷墟二期铜器相当,其锡料来源充足,暗示西周早期,周贵族能够控制和使用稳定的锡料矿源;铅同位素比值基本上都属于普通铅的范畴,其与部分殷墟青铜器铅同位素比值重叠在一起,表明北窑墓地铜器与部分殷墟铜器的制作使用了相同矿料,说明商代晚期殷人开发利用的部分矿料到了西周早期开始大规模开采使用。研究还表明,西周时期金属矿料流通是普遍的、常态化的社会行为,是当时社会生产中最重要的物流实体。     

公元前一千纪通往辽东山地的青铜物料流动

本文对辽宁本溪等地区出土东周青铜器进行了成分及铅同位素比值分析。在公元前六至前四世纪,本溪梁家M1多钮镜等器物与沈阳郑家洼子M6512出土青铜器均为铅锡青铜及铅锡砷青铜材质,铅同位素比值指示这些青铜物料与春秋早期的辽西山地存在关联。公元前三世纪,刘家哨和上堡出土青铜器均为铅锡青铜,使用的两类铅料分别与燕及三晋青铜器对应。自商周至战国早期,辽西山地一直是金属资源的缓冲地,汇聚中原和大井提供的不同类青铜物料,并在特定时段影响辽东及朝鲜半岛。战国中晚期以后,金属物料的流通枢纽逐渐东移,促进了辽东山地的社会发展,并推动以中原为中心的世界体系向东北亚地区扩张。     

朝鲜半岛及日本细形青铜武器的原料产地

对朝鲜半岛及日本出土细形青铜武器的原料产地问题作了尝试性探讨,以了解朝、日及中国大陆古代青铜原料的流通状况。利用青铜器及铅矿物中所含铅的四种稳定同位素的比值,在三维坐标系中观察其分布规律,并结合统计学方法探讨青铜器所含铅与铅矿地域特征的关联。通过比较分析中国大陆、朝鲜半岛及日本列岛出土的部分青铜器及铅矿物标本的铅同位素比值,指出上述三地某些青铜器原料中的铅可能有共同的产地,而朝、日当地铅矿的开采似不早于公元7世纪,故朝、日细形青铜武器的铅原料可能来自中国大陆。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.