A new method for the quantitative analysis of cutmark micromorphology

Cutmarks found on the fossilised bones of butchered animals provide direct evidence for the procurement of meat through technological means. As such, they hold some of the oldest available information on cognitive ability and behaviour in human evolution. Here we present a new method that allows a three-dimensional reconstruction of cutmark morphology and the quantification of profile parameters. We have tested this new technique on cutmarks that were experimentally inflicted on a pig rib using a steel knife and an un-retouched flint flake at different angles. The method allows for the cross-sectional shape, the sharpness and depths of the resulting cutmarks to be quantified. The data show that knife mark sections are characterised by a V-shape or √-shape depending on the inclination of the knife. Cutmarks produced with the flint flake were less clearly defined and generally less sharp than those produced by the knife. We discuss the method's potential to provide new information on butchery technique and cognitive abilities developed by the human lineage, from the earliest tool-using hominins through to modern Homo sapiens.     

先秦时期生态观述论

先秦时期产生了较为丰富的生态意识,对《周易》、老庄、孔孟、管子、荀子等的生态观进行初步提炼、分析,寻求古人在处理人与自然关系上的原则、立场与观点,正确认识和评价先秦时期生态观将对现代社会的生态实践活动起到一定的参考价值。     

Palaeolithic archaeology and the evolution of mind

This paper reviews recent archaeological studies concerning the evolution of mind. It is structured around four themes: language, intelligence, symbolism, and social learning. It includes reference to recent work in other disciplines that is either having, or likely to have, considerable impact on archaeological thought. The evolution of mind is a highly contentious subject, plagued by problems of definition and lacking an explicit methodology. This paper argues that the two most positive trends of recent work have been greater attempts at interdisciplinary studies and the integration of the study of cognition with that of hominid lifestyles.     

Shajaó—Histories of an Invented Savage

Through multiple stories about Shajaó, an untold history of the Peruvian Amazon unfolds. This article, based on extensive archival research and fieldwork, brings together multivocal accounts about an Ese Eja man who allegedly killed a Catholic priest in 1932 and who, despite the large-scale expeditions sent out to capture him, was not apprehended until 1942. Through ongoing tales of Shajaó, the intersubjective ways in which memory is shaped and employed to influence and make sense of sociopoltical contexts is revealed in the exchanges between a notable “savage” and various economies in different historical settings—the rubber boom, extractivism upheld by debt-peonage, Catholic missionization and today's environmental service economy. This exploration questions the construction, reproduction and transformation of the multiple, though not always shared, experiential and interpretive frameworks that shape the historical consciousness of individual and collective memories over time. It also suggests that “disremembering”, in archival and oral accounts, reflects a critical political awareness of history's valid flexibility. Here, narratives are rewoven so that history continues to be told in ways that ensure that “Shajaó stories” never truly end.     

略谈魏晋的杂传

魏晋时代是我国政治、文化发生重大变迁的时代,同时在魏晋时期史部的地位上升,摆脱了《汉书·艺文志》中经学的附属地位,而魏晋杂传的大量出现是推动史部地位上升的重要动力。杂传的产生与魏晋时代品评人物的社会风气有着密切的关联,本文主要通过分析郡书、家传、别传三种类型的杂传,来探讨杂传与当时的社会风气,尤其是士族文化之间的关系。     

The geography of the republic of Haiti

The paper examines the ownership of land by public bodies in Scotland in 1872–73 and in the 1970s. The former provides the better data but comparisons with the present day are still possible. The reasons for the marked growth of public land‐ownership over the century are discussed and future trends suggested.     

Ritual,Continuity and Change: Greek Reflections

This article examines the tangled question of continuity and change from the point of view of ritual. It brings together in dialogue recent theoretical approaches to ritual in anthropology with several examples of diachronic studies of Greek death practices. It points to the importance of focusing on questions of “form” in ritual practices—that is, “how” rituals work and are transmitted, more or less completely, from one generation to the next. It also considers the importance of historical consciousness, in particular the notion of “changing continuities”, in understanding some of the existential ways that ritual addresses common human experiences of temporality.     

Preliminary assessment of a wreck in the Red River, Choctaw County, Oklahoma, USA

This paper reports the initial recording of an early riverboat wreck located in the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas. The wreck is probably the Caddo lost in 1842. The visible wreckage is described and the history of the Caddo is discussed. This is the earliest western rivers steamboat investigated by archaeologists to date.     

中国东南地区大遗址保护的可行性方法——以江苏为例

大遗址保护一直是我国乃至世界范围内文物保护领域中的难题。江苏大遗址众多,文化内涵丰富,目前保存的大遗址均不同程度地遭受着各种因素的威胁,尤其是受人为因素影响较大,由此形成了江苏大遗址保护的地域(东南地区)特色。近年来,江苏通过古城墙、明祖陵、扬州城遗址、青墩遗址等成功的保护实践,及休闲绿地型、城区系列博物馆型等大遗址保护的尝试,探索出法律保护、规划保护、准则保护、过程保护及利用保护等管理和技术并用的可行性方法。该方法也将对东部沿海人多地少、经济发达地区具有普遍指导意义。     

汉代"太一神"略论

"太一"是先秦已有的祭祀神,在汉武帝时期太一神的地位得到提升,被奉为最尊神,分析其原因有三:1、大一统的政治需要;2、统治者追求长生的目的;3、方士的鼓吹及楚民族的文化心理影响.同时在研究汉代太一神祭祀的兴衰中发现,汉代没有一个系统的神学理论指导汉代的宗教活动.     

Rethinking “Peasant Consciousness” in Colonial Egypt: An Exploration of the Performance of Folksongs by Upper Egyptian Agricultural Workers on the Archaeological Excavation Sites of Karnak and Dendera at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (1885–1914)

This paper aims to rethink “peasant consciousness” in colonial Egypt, through a study of the performance of folksongs by Upper Egyptian agricultural workers on the archaeological excavation sites of Karnak and Dendera at the turn of the twentieth century (1885–1914). Mainly based on a historical‐anthropological analysis of songs collected between 1900 and 1914 by the French archaeologists Maspéro and Legrain, this essay proposes a new understanding of subaltern consciousnesses as fragmented objects constructed through a dialectical relationship of power and resistance as performed by the various actors present on the scene. Drawing its inspiration from the work of contemporary ethnomusicologists (Finnegan 1977 Finnegan, R. 1977. Oral Poetry: Its Nature, Significance, and Social Context, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  [Google Scholar], 1992 Finnegan, R. 1992. Oral Traditions and the Verbal Arts: A Guide to Research Practices, London; New York: Routledge. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]; Slyomovics 1987 Slyomovics, S. 1987. The Merchant of Art: An Egyptian Hilali Oral Epic Poet in Performance, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.  [Google Scholar]) and relying on the framework shaped by their use of oral‐formulaic and speech‐act theories, this study conceives of the performance, reception and collection of the songs as a crucial locus of encounter, interaction and negotiation between the local landless peasants employed as daily workers on the excavation sites, and the colonial administrators of the Antiquities Service during the key period of transition from corvée to contract labour.     

全球资本主义:三次重大转型——对于经济—社会关系的社会—哲学解读

从19世纪起,资本主义社会向工业时代过渡,经济、文化与价值观等各方面都发生了转变,这些转变为经济与社会的关系问题提供了研究基础。19世纪至今的资本主义可以划分为三个发展阶段,即自由资本主义阶段、有组织的资本主义阶段和非西方式的民主经济阶段。可将一个阶段向另一个阶段的过渡称为大转型。每一次转型都是资本主义现代性类型出现危机的结果,而新的现代性类型是通过寻找新的社会价值和社会组织关系来形成的。分析资本主义三次大转型的经济、社会根源,可以清晰地洞察资本主义的过去、现在和未来。同时,三次大转型的新理论框架为预测全球资本主义的未来发展方向提供了理论基础。     

英国近代贵族大地产论略

近代英国经济的特征之一是贵族大地产的兴盛。从17世纪晚期至19世纪中期,为数不多的贵族始终占有相当份额的地产。甚至就整个欧洲而言,英国贵族大地产的规模和影响也格外突出。英国贵族地产大多是采用资本主义方式经营的,它在一定时期内适应着英国的生产力发展。英国近代贵族阶级长期占有大量地产,既有历史原因,也有社会政治因素;属于封建主义残余的贵族财产等级制和长子继承制,对维护贵族阶级大地产制也起着重要作用。     

陈云与20世纪60年代初的农业恢复

三年“大跃进”给中国经济特别是农村经济带来了一场浩劫。20世纪60年代初,“大跃进”运动结束后,农村人口的非正常死亡还在发生,农业生产降到1949年以来的最低点,农村一片凋敝。面对如此惨重的灾难,陈云以实事求是的态度和对党对人民高度负责的精神,力挽狂澜,大显身手,提出了切实可行的措施,对缓解饥荒、摆脱农村困境以及恢复农村经济作出了重大贡献。     

阿马尔那泥板书信中所见的古代近东大国外交方式

阿马尔那时代是近东历史上的和平外交时代,五大国支配着外交的走向和国际关系的格局。在大国外交中,存在3种外交方式,礼物交换、王室联姻和信息沟通,这3种外交方式构成了当时外交的主要形式,促进了和平外交的持续发展。     

浅谈我国藏区开发中的制约因素与应对策略

西部大开发是一项得民心、顺民意的世纪工程,也是我国西部民族地区期待已久的造福工程。然而作为开发主体之一的藏区,对这一战略工程的认识还有待进一步提高,实施力度还有待进一步加大。本文试图寻找解决问题的出路,以推动藏区经济社会的全面发展。     

绿色发展的基本内涵及重大意义

从传统的＂黑色发展＂转向现代的＂绿色发展＂,是近半个世纪以来人类对自身以牺牲资源环境为代价的发展模式深刻反思的结果。面对全球＂绿色工业革命＂的重大机遇,青海作为一个欠发达地区也只有抓住这次绿色发展的机会,才能实现跨越式发展。     

尊重大遗址保护中的民生要求——以中国东南地区的江苏为例

近年来,尊重民生要求作为大遗址保护的目标与任务,与保护工作实践有机结合,正迈向文化遗产保护发展的正确方向。江苏在大遗址保护的实践中,将其与建设遗址公园、改善城乡人居环境、建设新农村农业园区、发展休闲观光旅游等相结合,探索中国东南地区大遗址保护利用工作可持续发展的和谐之路。     

Big fish and great auks: Exploitation of birds and fish on the Isle of Portland,Dorset, during the Romano-British period

Abstract

The paper considers the assemblage of bird and fish bones from a Romano-British settlement on the Isle of Portland, on the southern coast of England. Compared with contemporary sites, the assemblage includes an unusually large number of fish bones from a wide range of marine species, including large cod, other Gadidae, several species of seabream, scad and bass. The bird assemblage includes bones of a butchered great auk. This provides the first evidence that this extinct species was nesting off the shores of central southern England and being exploited for food in this period. Other seabirds identified included razorbill, great northern diver and gannet. The species represented are discussed in relation to other Romano-British sites, particularly the Roman town of Dorchester, situated 15 km away. Many of the species have been discovered on only a few contemporary sites and the presence of the seabream in particular indicates that seawater temperatures may have been warmer than until very recently. Possible cultural changes in diet and food procurement in the Roman period are also considered.