19世纪英国现代化与妇女家庭法律地位的演变

在现代化影响下,19世纪英国妇女家庭法律地位表现出双重性：一方面她们在家庭中仍然处于从属地位。另一方面,英国家庭法律制度逐渐向性别平等的方向发展,英国妇女享有更多的自主权,她们的家庭地位有所提高。因为现代化为妇女提供了更多的机会进入公共领域,赢得自己的话语权和独立的人权。政治现代化推动民主平等精神的发展,进一步唤醒了妇女的权利意识,融合女性主义和自由主义力量推进了家庭两性关系的变革。     

20世纪50年代上海的妇女解放与参加集体生产

在国家的主导与大力推动下,以"为社会主义添砖加瓦"为口号的妇女解放运动使20世纪50年代后期的上海家庭妇女纷纷走出家门,进入企业和里弄工厂(场),成为发展社会主义经济的重要劳动力量。然而,此时的社会性解放却是以性别差异的忽略与"男主外、女主内"的传统模式的延续为前提的,因此,走出家庭的妇女不得不同时面临工作、家庭的双重压力。后来随着"大跃进"、城市人民公社化运动的失败,许多已经走出家庭的妇女在别无选择的情况下重回家庭。但是,50年代后期上海家庭妇女走出家庭的经历为她们再次走出家庭并最终走向全面解放奠定了初步基础。     

二十世纪初的妇女团体

进入20世纪,在资产阶级革命高潮的推动下,前所未有的一股新生力量——妇女登上了历史舞台,她们怀着强烈的爱国激情,冲出家庭,走向社会,宣传资产阶级革命,宣传妇女的自身解放,她们越过了个人斗争,以团体的形式进行政治社会活动。此后,各种团体应运而生。当时最广泛的是不缠足会或天足会,但这类团体有的是基督教会创办     

妇女能顶半边天

正新中国成立后,中国妇女得到彻底的解放。她们摆脱了上千年封建枷锁的禁锢,她们的命运发生了根本改变,她们的地位不断提高,她们在工作、家庭和生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用。毛泽东由衷称赞"妇女能顶半边天"。值此"三八妇女节"之际,本刊撷取一些老照片,以展现新中国成立后的妇女风采。     

哈萨克族妇女在婚姻家庭中的地位和作用

文章以婚姻家庭作为哈萨克族女子进入新的人生角色的起点和第一线索,其间贯穿着她们在家庭社会生活中的贡献与价值,其中重点放在哈萨克族妇女与草原民俗文化的互动关系上,以民俗文化视野展现哈萨克族妇女在整个哈萨克民族中的重要地位和作用。     

上世纪六十年代的西山矿务局女性

自古以来,女性一直处于被动的地位。中华人民共和国成立以后,在共产党的引导下女性被解放,广大妇女走出家庭走向社会,不仅实现了自身解放、当家作主,而且还"顶起了半边天"。1960年代,在太原市西山矿务局也有这样一群女性,她们被塑造成了"铁姑娘""好家属",成为人们学习的女劳模。     

20世纪英国的妇女与家庭问题

２０世纪英国的妇女与家庭问题钱乘旦２０世纪,家庭与妇女问题在全世界都是大问题,英国的变化则可说是西方社会的一个缩影。本文拟就此做一些初步的探讨,以发掘当代世界潮流中一个重要的社会现象。妇女的地位２０世纪是妇女摆脱家庭束缚、取得独立人格的一个世纪,妇女...     

清代妇女嫁妆支配权的考察

嫁妆跟随妇女由娘家到婆家,成为她们在新家庭中的“私产”。清代,大多数妇女拥有对自己嫁妆的独立占有权和支配权,并利用嫁妆为家庭、家族乃至社会作出贡献。妇女在支配嫁妆的同时,逐步加大其对家庭事务的影响,赢得家庭和家族成员的尊重,确立起她们在新家庭或新家族中的地位。     

中国古代妇女的经济地位

中国古代妇女的经济地位刘筱红在中国古代社会漫长的历史岁月里,被排斥在政权之外的绝对多数妇女,是家庭小农经济的“充分伙伴”,为生计而操劳是她们生活中的主要内容。因此,古代妇女的经济生活状况应该引起我们的关注,她们的经济角色、财产所有权和继承权,以及她们...     

“杰麦”一跃成主人——解放后藏族女性的社会变迁

西藏解放以后,藏族妇女没有沉静在传统社会中。在她们自己的不断努力和国家各项方针政策的支持下,藏族妇女树立了自尊、自强的价值观和实现自我价值的意识,走出了一直禁锢她们思想的围墙。她们走出了家庭,走向了社会,有了自己的事业和理想,她们的地位发生了巨大的转变,她们同男性一样,获得了相应的权利和地位。     

The Right to a Nice Home: housing inspection in 1930s Stockholm

This article deals with how the authorities taught the Swedes to live and how Swedish citizens came to accept such an intimate encroachment in their private lives. Why did people accept these social experts of everyday life? The answer tells us something about modern society and modernity itself.

Around the turn of the 20th century, Stockholm had one of Europe's worst housing conditions, according to Swedish experts of the time. One-room apartments were the norm, even for large families. Not all buildings had running water and often several families shared one outhouse. At the same time, the idea that the home was the place in which the conscientious citizens of the future would be raised was introduced – in Sweden as elsewhere. Dwellings became part of the social question. Many people believed that a well-functioning home would improve other aspects of life as well: men would stay at home in the evening instead of going to pubs; women would do a better job of raising the children; and public health would improve. A neglected home was seen as a sign of the exact opposite; the right to a nice home turned into a duty to live well. As an extension of this idea, housing inspections became important processes in the effort to improve the lives of citizens. The inspections were carried out by municipal employees, who were expected to monitor people's everyday lives. They functioned as housing experts, but what did these social engineers actually do? How did they become housing experts? And was their encroachment into people's daily lives accepted by ordinary citizens?     

‘I didn’t feel like my own person’: paid work in women’s narratives of self and working motherhood, 1950–1980

Paid work was important to women’s identity formation in post war Britain, especially as they returned to work after having children. The changed economic and social climate in Britain after 1945 expanded the employment and education opportunities available to some women. Class and material conditions guided women’s reasons for returning to work. They increasingly did so part-time, and in lower skilled jobs than before they had children. Understanding the self that women construct must be situated within the circumstances of women’s lives and the social and economic structures in force at that moment of returning.     

Cogs in the Machine: The Experiences of Female Munitions Workers and Members of the Australian Women’s Land Army in South Australia, 1940–45

Mobilisation on the Australian ‘home front’ during the Second World War enabled some women to move temporarily into employment usually reserved for men, and to earn significantly higher wages than they were accustomed to, but the benefits of this have been often overstated. Focusing on South Australian women in the city and rural areas who took up the new working opportunities — in munitions factories and the Australian Women’s Land Army in particular — this article demonstrates that relatively few women were entitled to higher wages, such wages were lower and paid later in South Australia than in other states, and that working conditions were unattractive and often dangerous. At the war’s end, the social imperative to marry and raise children, coupled with demands that they give up their place for male workers, then saw many women return to domesticity or less-rewarded and lower status ‘female occupations’.     

CIRCULAR MIGRATION AND LIFE COURSE OF FEMALE DOMESTIC WORKERS IN BEIJING

This study examines the migration experiences of 24 female domestic workers in Beijing through in-depth interviews. Most of these women were involved in a circular pattern of movement between their home villages and cities. The pattern of reverse and circular migration was closely related to the life-course transitions of Chinese rural women and their socially-assigned gender roles such as marriage, childbirth, childrearing and caregiving for family members. For individual domestic workers, working in Beijing is a bittersweet experience. The women were subjected to unfavourable work conditions and pervasive forms of exploitation. Nevertheless, they benefited from the experience through increased access to income, knowledge and other resources unavailable in rural areas. Although these women challenged, through migration, the traditional social roles imposed on Chinese rural women, their own limitations and institutional barriers left them with few options for improving their social statuses in cities.     

Mr. Dithers Comes to Dinner: Telework and the merging of women's work and home domains in Canada

Studies of home-based telework by women yield mixed results regarding the usefulness of telework in facilitating work–life balance. Most research on the social impacts of home-based telework focuses on workers—employees or self-employed—who deliberately choose that alternative work arrangement. Labour force analysts, however, predict an increase in employer-initiated teleworking. As a case study of the workforce of one large, financial-sector firm in Canada, this article considers the conditions of employment of involuntary teleworkers, those required by their employer to work full-time from a home office. In-depth interviews were co nducted with a sample of 18 female teleworkers working for the case study firm in a professional occupation. Study participants described the advantages and disadvantages of working from home, particularly with regard to spatial and social aspects of locating work in a home setting. The gendered nature of their jobs, and the caring and supportive functions they provide both through their employment and their household responsibilities are seen to support the relocation of their jobs from office to their homes. In many jurisdictions, telework is promoted as a means of giving women more flexibility to balance their paid work with their household responsibilities; the article highlights some of the contradictions involved in moving the workplace into women's homes.     

19世纪英国的政治民主化与女权运动

工业化与政治民主化是19世纪英国历史的主旋律。在工业化的浪潮中,许多妇女走向社会,走进劳动力市场,成为独立的雇佣劳动,从而扩大了眼界,增强了独立意识。在社会政治民主化运动中,她们接受自由主义思想,参与党派活动、宪章运动和反谷物法斗争,甚至独立开展争取妇女选举权、与男性平等的经济权和社会立法权运动,向社会显示自身的实力,不仅改变了轻视妇女的传统社会立法,提高了女性的经济地位和社会地位,而且有力地推进了国家的民主化进程。     

允许与严禁:闽粤地方对妇女出洋的反应(1860-1949年)

近代中国出洋妇女 90 %来自闽粤地区 ,其中又以广府妇女、闽南妇女为最多 ,其次为客家妇女和潮汕妇女 ,而以海南妇女为最少。闽粤妇女移民模式可分为三种 :依附型迁移、被动型迁移和主动型迁移。所谓依附型移民是指随着丈夫和家人迁移的妇女 ,被动型移民是指违背本人意愿、被拐卖出国的妇女 ,主动型移民则是自愿出洋谋生或留学的妇女。闽粤地方政府、地方士绅、宗族和家庭对不同身份妇女出洋反应不一 ,并采取了不同的防范措施 ,从中我们可以看到 ,在不同伦理观念和经济利益的趋动下 ,闽粤地方对妇女出洋的推动或限制。     

Empowered spaces? Management articulations of gendered spaces in apparel factories in Karachi,Pakistan

Feminist scholarship has often focused on gendered workspaces within the apparel sector, where it is taken for granted that it is work conventionally attracting neophyte women. Within it, the task of managers is to discipline these young women to become docile and malleable workers. While this may have held to be the case temporally and regionally, South Asia’s experience has exhibited country-specific facets. This article focuses on these gendered workspaces in three factories in Karachi, Pakistan, in which we undertook research. In this context, there was a deliberate change in place facilitated by a United Nations Development Program’s Gender Promotion (GENPROM) initiative – to recruit and retain women workers, even though they acknowledged skilled workers were men. The factory managers we interviewed and spoke with used discursive tropes of gender equality and culturally appropriate women’s-only spaces as ways of justifying their labor recruitment strategy. However, digging deeper through interviews with managers at various levels suggested that their recruitment tactic had similar undertones to that revealed by early feminist research – although articulated via different mechanisms. We argue that this creation of empowerment spaces in particular Pakistani apparel sector factories requires careful tracing because it suggests how management interpellations reconfigure worker subjectivities. We also want to suggest that attentiveness to these practices is important because they may have specific bearings on temporal and spatial realities faced by Pakistan.     

The Return of Displaced Nuer in Southern Sudan: Women Becoming Men?

Conceptualizing war‐time displacement as a catalyst for social change, this article examines the gendered emplacement experiences of returnee displaced women in the aftermath of the recent (1983–2005) civil war in South Sudan. The article attempts to shed light on the strategies of returnee women in transforming and contributing to their communities in the context of an independent South Sudan. It focuses specifically on their gendered emplacement strategies to access land, livelihoods and political rights. Through these diverse actions, some women contest and reconfigure gender identities while others reinforce unequal power relations within their households and communities. These gendered emplacements emphasize the hybridity of place, identity and self in processes of social transformation.     

Gender Ideology in Historical Reconstruction: A Case Study from the 1930s

You are probably aware of the fact that homes are being wrecked daily due to the fact that married women are permitted to work in factories and offices in this land of ours. You and we all know that the place for a wife and mother is at home, her palace. The excuse is often brought up that the husband cannot find employment. It is the writers’ belief that if the women were expelled from places of business,…these very men would find employment. These same womens’ husbands would naturally be paid a higher salary, inasmuch as male employees demand a higher salary than females.¹