有关"社会主义转型国家"城市社会空间的研究述评

1990年代西方学者对于“社会主义转型国家”城市社会空间进行了大量研究。尽管中东欧社会主义转型国家与中国城市社会空间演进有某些共同点,如郊区化、内城区衰落、居住隔离等,但两者的分异机制迥然不同,前者为“社会主义向资本主义的彻底的急速转型”,后者为“社会主义前提”的渐进转型。这对中国城市社会空间的深入研究具有较大的指导意义。     

哈大巨型城市带要素集聚分异与空间极化格局

在界定空间极化概念的基础上,应用均匀度指数、基尼系数、崔王指数分析城市带内部要素集聚程度分异及空间极化格局,结论如下：①1990-2014 年哈大巨型城市带要素集聚程度时空分异明显,"核心-边缘"结构逐步显现,城市带内部基于要素集聚程度的哈长与辽中南次区域逐渐发育;②城市带内部要素集聚存在显著的空间极化,空间极化的"四城市"格局已经形成;③城市发展内源力是哈大巨型城市带整体空间极化的主要影响因素,城市投资强度和经济发展水平对城市带空间极化格局演变的影响也较显著。城市投资强度与吸引力差异是哈长次区域空间极化分异的重要影响因素,而城市发展内源力是影响辽中南次区域空间极化的主要因素。     

国内外城市居民职住空间关系研究进展和展望

城市居民职住空间关系是指城市居民居住地和工作地之间的社会空间关系,是城市空间结构的重要研究内容。体制转型时期中国城市居民职住空间关系正在经历着翻天覆地的变化。本文主要从职住空间关系研究学派、职住空间平衡和城市通勤、居住选择和居住空间分异等方面对国内外相关研究进行述评,认为国内相关研究应注重社会调查,加强个体层面的研究,从体制转型和个体社会经济特征等角度寻求城市居民职住空间关系及其演化的形成机制,并注重特殊群体,如外来人口、城市贫困人口和原单位制社区居民等社会群体的职住空间关系和社会空间后果研究。     

基于制度转型的中国城市空间结构研究初探

1990年代以来全球范围内的众多国家发生了重大制度转型,以中国为代表的社会主义国家转型引起了国际学者的广泛关注。城市空间结构是城市社会、经济发展的空间投影,对其理解也必然要从制度转型的深刻层面去加以认识。文章系统回顾了西方城市空间结构研究经历的城市形态研究、实证主义方法、政治经济学分析等过程,揭示出其基本走向是转向对深层制度性因素的关注。继而文章着重分析了中国制度转型的三个根本方面,并概要性地阐释了其对城市空间的影响,最后列举了相应的一些重要研究领域和基本方向。     

转型时期我国城市贫困研究述评

本文基于地理学、规划学和社会学视角,在“过程-互动-行动”研究框架下,统计分析1990年代以来我国城市贫困研究的文献数量和内容演变情况,论述了研究分布与社会经济转型和社会救助政策密切相关。在综合述评每类研究的主要观点基础上,论文指出目前研究存在几方面问题:缺少贫困阶层社会空间研究,缺少与城市发展、城市空间结构的关系研究,缺少对贫困阶层需求和空间资源公平配置的研究,并探讨对未来城市研究的启示。     

高新技术产业开发区与城市社会空间结构演变

高新区作为一个崭新的城市空间和带动城市经济社会发展的重要极核,越来越多地影响和改变着城市的经济社会活动和空间结构。本文从高新区作为城市一个功能单元的空间属性出发,分析了高新区建设发展对城市社会新富裕阶层和中等收入阶层形成的重要影响;进而分析了高新区建设发展对城市社会空间分异的影响,指出高新区正在逐步演变成为一个集商务、技术创新、高新技术产业发展、高尚生活区为一体的新的城市空间;最后,本文还简单分析了高新区建设发展带来的城市社会空间的矛盾与冲突。     

民族视角下社会空间分异研究的时空间行为转向

全球化与快速城市化过程中，城市内部以不同种族、民族为代表的多元社会群体，因其社会文化背景、生活习惯等不同而存在诸多差异，群体间的空间分异与融合正成为城市发展中的重要科学问题。本研究梳理了基于居住空间的国内外种族/民族社会空间研究，指出，在城市研究移动性转向的背景下，社会空间分异的研究正在突破传统的静态居住空间研究的局限而出现移动性转向，且在群体间行为差异、活动空间的种族/民族分异测度、少数族裔可达性劣势和混合地理学方法等方面展开了研究。在此基础上，本研究进一步提出了民族视角的社会空间分异时空间行为研究框架，以期为理解中国城市社会空间分异、解读民族的日常生活与社会空间融合提供新的视角。     

武汉市新洲区农户消费活动的空间特征研究

农户消费活动空间是乡村空间结构的一种表现和组成部分,在受到乡村已有的物质空间和社会空间结构影响的同时,也不断塑造并形成新的乡村空间结构。在对武汉市新洲区3个乡镇11个村326户访谈和问卷调查的基础上,总结了农户消费行为的一般特征。认为农户消费活动总体上呈现距离衰减规律和空间分异特征,形成两带三圈层的空间结构模式。交通工具对农户消费空间的扩展有较大影响。同时,农户消费活动也受个人及其社会经济属性的制约。研究结果表明,农户消费空间偏好具有明显的性别差异;家庭经济收入和年龄是农户消费空间结构形成的主要影响因素,而农户受教育程度对农户消费空间的形成没有明显影响。     

北部湾城镇群空间结构及其扩张规律研究

空间结构是优化城镇群地域功能的基础。根据新型城镇化和空间结构理论,用地统计、反距离权重等空间分析方法,研究广西北部湾城镇群空间结构分异规律得出：(1)北部湾城镇群以南宁市为中心向周边呈“核心—边缘”分异格局,时空集聚性和差异性渐趋扩大。(2)大城市空间聚集和结构分异不断增大,社会、经济要素空间扩张显著快于人口、土地要素,对外贸易和吸引投资是空间扩张的核心动力,非农化增长也是重要驱动。(3)城区面积与空间结构关系最密切,但投资、贸易、GDP、非农化扩张较快,人口、土地要素空间扩张显著滞后,各要素向大城市集聚的趋势显著,结构分异趋向扩大;绝大部分属于外贸、投资扩张型城镇。应强化南宁市集聚规模,提升工业化水平,扩大区内外合作,全面融入“一带一路”和大湾区新格局。     

基于手机信令数据的长春市活动空间特征与社区分异研究

居民时空行为成为透视城市空间的重要视角,本文基于手机信令数据研究长春市活动空间及其社区分异,轮廓性的揭示居住空间、就业空间和消费休闲空间的分布规律,从人地互动的过程与格局的视角认识城市空间。研究发现,居住活动对中心城区依赖明显高于就业和消费休闲活动,就业活动呈现多中心连片发展格局,近郊的欧亚卖场和郊区的净月潭成为人们消费休闲活动的重要选择。就业-居住距离和消费休闲-居住距离的社区分异显著,折射出三类活动空间关系复杂,由此感知城市生活空间质量和社会空间结构。通过对社区分异的空间聚类分析明晰各地域自身问题,从而有针对性的对长春的空间调整优化和居民行为引导提出建议,构建和谐宜居的城市空间。     

From Urban Entrepreneurialism to a “Revanchist City”? On the Spatial Injustices of Glasgow’s Renaissance

Recent perspectives on the American city have highlighted the extent to which the economic and sociospatial contradictions generated by two decades of "actually existing" neoliberal urbanism appear to demand an increasingly punitive or "revanchist" political response. At the same time, it is increasingly being acknowledged that, after embracing much of the entrepreneurial ethos, European cities are also confronting sharpening inequalities and entrenched social exclusion. Drawing on evidence from Glasgow, the paper assesses the dialectical relations between urban entrepreneurialism, its escalating contradictions, and the growing compulsion to meet these with a selective appropriation of the revanchist political repertoire.     

Contesting the Settler City: Indigenous Self‐Determination,New Urban Reserves,and the Neoliberalization of Colonialism

In settler colonial contexts the historical and ongoing dispossession and displacement of Indigenous peoples is foundational to understanding the production of urban space. What does it mean that cities in what is now known as Canada are Indigenous places and premised on the ongoing dispossession of Indigenous peoples? What roles do new urban reserves play in subverting or reinforcing the colonial‐capitalist sociospatial order? This paper examines these questions in relation to new urban reserves in Canada. Most common in the Prairie provinces, new urban reserves are satellite land holdings of First Nation communities located outside of the city. While the settler state narrowly confines new urban reserves to neoliberal agendas, First Nations are successfully advancing reserve creation to generate economic self‐sufficiency, exercise self‐determination, and subvert settler state boundaries. I argue that new urban reserves are contradictory spaces, as products and vehicles of settler‐colonial state power and Indigenous resistance and place‐making.     

Global / globalizing cities

Along with the rise in research on globalization, the concept of globalization has become a subject to a more critical scrutiny. While majority agree that it represents a serious challenge to the state-centrist assumptions of most previous social science, doubts about its newness, inevitability and epoch-making qualities are also being raised. Others argue that the globalization literature neglects issues of social regulation by the nation-state, while some critics view it as a discourse drawn upon to legitimize particular political and economic agendas. Debates focus on metropolitan manifestations and impacts. Moving from this background, the paper presents three sociospatial urban configurations that have emerged in the literature. Alongside attempts at identifying globalizing cities and transnational urban networks as new theoretical subjects, another significant vein in the literature focuses on the complex forces of globalization and the production of new urban spaces in these cities. In addition, economic conceptions of globalization is now being pushed beyond adding sociocultural or sociopolitical dimensions and argue instead for the need to theorize globalization as a discursive formation. The global city as a discursive category conjures up imaginary concepts of high modernity, megadevelopment, 21st century urbanity. However, it is noted that the way forward is to focus on the distinctive ways in which urban actors engage in specific processes of economic and social reflexivity. There exists an urgent task for theorizations of the global city, which weave together historical, economic, cultural, sociopolitical and discursive dimensions.     

Race, Protest, and Public Space: Contextualizing Lefebvre in the U.S. City

Since the early 1990s, Henri Lefebvre's theory of the social production of space has become widely used by Anglophone academics to understand contemporary urban processes in the Western world. This article argues that care must be taken in transporting Lefbevre's theoretical framework from one context to another. When applied in places like U.S. cities, it must be contextualized in relation to significant sociospatial processes, especially race. It is also argued that when the racialized geographies of U.S. cities are taken into account, Lefebvre's work—with its focus on the role representation plays in the production of space—aids our understanding of contemporary urban processes. The article develops this argument through an engagement with the racialized public spaces in and around downtown Lexington, Kentucky. The killing of an African-American teenager by a White police officer and the ensuing violence and commentary, especially two editorial cartoons, provide the opportunity to contextualize Lefebvre's theory. Furthermore, the case allows us to understand the role racialized representations of space play into the construction of urban geographies. The paper concludes by emphasizing the role of the body in Lefebvre's understanding of space and suggests that his twin notions of "the right to the city" and "the right to difference" hold out hope for the grassroots development of antiracist urban public spaces.     

Rethinking the Spatiality of Spatial Planning: Methodological Territorialism and Metageographies

This paper argues for increased attention to the role of territory and territoriality in framing sociospatial discourses in the context of spatial plan making. In particular, it is suggested that the engagement of political actors with processes of spatial planning tends to be framed within particular spatial imaginaries which reflect established political-administrative and territorial boundaries. It is contended that a critical analysis of the territorial framing of processes of spatial planning is necessary in order to understand the capacity for spatial strategies to effectively challenge and reconfigure established sociospatial imaginaries in functional or relational terms. It is suggested that spatially explicit public policy statements, such as planning strategies, may be characterized by specific assumptions of territorial space, in a similar manner to which mainstream social science has contained implicit assumptions of state-centrism. The salience of territorial spatial imaginaries is demonstrated in the case of European spatial planning and through a local case study of city-regional spatial planning and politics in the Greater Dublin Area.     

Sociospatial Residential Dynamics: Stability and Instability within a Self-Organizing City

Conceiving the city as a self-organizing system we highlight and examine the phenomena of residential sociospatial segregation in a city and the existence and role of local regions of instability within an otherwise stable urban system. It is argued that the emergence of local pockets of sociospatial instability is governed (among other things) by a self-organization principle we term the captivity principle. The latter is essential to the systemic stability and reproduction of the city as a whole. The discussion is elaborated by reference to empirical evidence and by means of “city games” played on City, a cellular automata simulation model we have specifically designed for this purpose.     

重庆市城市贫困空间特征和影响因素研究——兼论东西部城市的异同

中国城市社会经济转型与重构背景下,城市贫困空间特征是城市地理学研究的重要议题之一。本文以西部城市重庆为例,探讨贫困空间的分布、演变和影响因素,并兼论与东部城市的异同。研究显示,在重庆市层面,贫困空间分布差异扩大,都市区得到较大程度改善,渝东北偏远县城则逐渐恶化。在都市区层面,贫困空间分布非均衡性较强,与老城区、工业及其配套居住区耦合。这种特征受到"体制"和"市场"因素的系统作用,体制因素是历史空间继承、早期住房政策与分配制度、城市规划对保障住房的布局引导;市场因素体现在区域经济发展差异、基础设施投资建设、房地产开发和内城选择性更新等。根据西部城市的贫困特征,反贫困政策应该重点促进都市区局部地区和偏远辖县区的发展。     

Le Conte de deux cités1 : Analyse comparative des conflits urbains de Montréal et Valence, 1995–2010

A tale of two cities: 9 Comparative analysis of urban conflicts of Montreal and Valencia, 1995–2010 Metropolization processes at work in contemporary societies produce social and spatial change, which can raise strong opposition from a variety of urban actors, leading to acts of dissent. While such urban conflict has been examined in the past, geographical analysis of urban conflicts as sociospatial processes is more recent. Systematic quantitative research on urban conflict is virtually nonexistent in terms of comparative analysis conducted with an international perspective. Systematic comparative analysis sheds light on the existing relationship between urban conflicts and the socio‐territorial contexts in which conflicts emerge and evolve. This article presents a comparative analysis of urban conflict that occurred in a selection of boroughs in two cities characterized by different geographical realities, Valencia (Spain) and Montreal (Canada), between 1995 and 2010. Spatial autocorrelation techniques applied to a conflict database show a significant relationship between the emergence of urban conflict and the spatial distribution of some contextual variables. Indeed, for Montreal as for Valencia, the concentration of urban conflict is the greatest in the most deprived neighbourhoods. Also, regarding the management and regulation of urban conflict, results shed light on important differences between Montreal and Valencia. These differences include the outcome of urban conflicts, repertoire of action of actors involved in conflict activity, and the type of contestation faced by actors who promote the challenged urban projects.     

个体行为视角下中小城市居民就医空间及社会分异研究——兼议与特大城市比较

基于日常医疗消费出行调查数据,剖析了中小城市居民日常就医出行空间社会特征,并与特大城市比较,结果表明：中小城市居民日常就医选择以市域最高等级综合医院为中心,形成"一超多强"多中心结构,出行空间呈"三带四圈层"的核心-外围形态。低收入群体近距离就医特征突出,出行空间小;高收入群体消费选择较为多元,出行时空范围广。中小城市居民日常就医首选私人诊所,出行距离是首要考虑因素,出行空间与收入水平呈正相关;特大城市居民日常就医首选区级医院,更重视医疗机构社会声誉,与中小城市存在显著差异。