北宋与辽的边疆经略

北宋与辽的边疆经略,主要面向它们辖区的外围地带。北宋长期致力于西北、西部至西南地区的军政管辖,针对这一地区各族治乱、向背问题采取了相应的军政对策和措施。辽朝对东北、北部至西北各族的治乱、向背问题所采取的相应对策和措施,历经一、二百年的艰苦经营,付出了巨大的代价。至于历来为世人瞩目的宋、辽围绕燕云地区展开争战一节,实际上属于两朝的关系领域,故不以一般边事论之。本文通过北宋与辽的边疆经略,揭示其边功业绩同我国统一多民族国家向前发展相关的一些问题。     

The strange geographies of the ‘new’ state capitalism

The recent polymorphism of state intervention and attendant political geographies have been interpreted as a return of state capitalism. While commentators across the social sciences have offered competing characterizations of the new state capitalism, little attention has been dedicated to how narratives and geographical imaginaries of the new state capitalism operate as a form of geopolitical knowledge and practice. Drawing upon critical geopolitics, we make three main arguments. First, we examine the context of wider geopolitical and geo-economic shifts in which the social construction of the geo-category has happened. We contend that the emerging new spatiality of the global economy has prompted the need for new discursive frames and geopolitical lines of reasoning. Second, we argue that this need is fulfilled by the geo-category state capitalism, which acts as a powerful tool in categorizing and hierarchizing the spaces of world politics. It does so by reinstituting a simple narrative of competition between two easily identifiable protagonists – (Western) democratic free-market capitalism and its deviant ‘other’, (Eastern) authoritarian state capitalism – and by reactivating older geopolitical grand narratives. Third, the geo-category state capitalism discursively enables Western business and state actors to justify tougher policy stances in three areas: foreign policy; trade, technology, and investment regulation; and international development.     

宋代的财政督理型准政区及其行政组织

宋代存在着各种准政区。其中对于国家政治生活影响最大的,是以发运使、总领、提举茶马、提点坑冶所管辖的财政督理型准政区。以发运使等为长官的准行政组织,受中央政府委托,在各自辖区内履行财政职能,并且围绕各自的职能,直接或间接地参与地方行政事务。它们对本政区内的州、县,甚至路一级的官员存在着事实上的上、下级关系,使中央政府对地方行政事务的监察与管理进一步加强;但是它们的权力扩张受到中央政府的抑制,最终未能成为正式的行政组织,使宋代地方行政体系运作迟缓的发展趋势受到一定程度的遏制。     

品位与职位——传统官僚等级制研究的一个新视角

现代官等级制有“品位分类’’和“职位分类”两种类型,前以官员的个人品级为中心,后则以职位所系权力责任为中心。作由此引申出了“品位分等”、“职位分等”概念,并通过秦汉禄秩等级和唐代武散阶的区别,说明了“品位一职位’’概念在传统官阶制研究中的分析价值;进而把它们与官僚“自利取向”、“服务取向”概念结合起来,从而为中国古代官僚等级制研究提供了一个新视角。     

行政效率研究会与抗战前的行政效率运动

隶属于南京国民政府行政院的行政效率研究会是以研究中国行政问题以及如何提高政府行政效率为宗旨的政府机构 ,抗战前的行政效率运动既是它产生的主要背景 ,也得益于它的影响与推动。行政效率研究会的行政研究对抗战前南京国民政府的行政改革起到了一定的作用 ,也促进了行政研究在中国的发展。     

The Limits of the Shanghai Bridgehead: Understanding British Intervention in the Taiping Rebellion 1860–62

This article discusses the rationale behind British intervention in the Taiping civil war in China and the episode’s wider significance for understanding nineteenth-century British imperial expansion. I argue that the most productive way to understand the shape of the limited British intervention in the war is through analysing the relative strength of distinct bridgeheads of British interest in China. British interests in Shanghai grew rapidly in the Taiping period and helped to draw in intervention against the Taiping armies when they attacked the port in 1860 and 1862. The strict limitation of this intervention, which did not result in any imperial expansion in China, was a result of the consistent underperformance of the wider British trade with China. Without a growth in this trade, the expense of an extensive intervention and its potential consequences could not be justified. The episode suggests that analyses of local conditions and the strength of local ties to metropolitan resources are important for understanding the wider pattern of British imperial expansion.     

Rising Sino-Japanese competition: perspectives from South-East Asian elites

One of the biggest challenges for the East Asian region today is the Sino-Japanese relationship. Starting with the fishing trawler incident in September 2010, followed by Japan's nationalisation of the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, this relationship is experiencing an escalation of tensions in most, if not all, areas of the bilateral relationship. In response to the intensifying competition, China and Japan have elevated the importance of South-East Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in their foreign policy strategies. Focusing on how elites from five South-East Asian states—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam—perceive the engagement of China and Japan with the region, this article poses two questions: (1) How do South-East Asian elites view the Sino-Japanese competition? and (2) How do South-East Asian elites view the role of ASEAN in managing the competition? The analysis here concludes that while some South-East Asian elites see opportunities in the Sino-Japanese competition, they nevertheless do not perceive it as an issue of critical significance. Instead, the concern lies generally with major-power dynamics, and particularly with Sino-US relations. ASEAN is viewed to lack the ability to manage the negative consequences of the Sino-Japanese competition, although its external balancing function has perceptibly helped to restrain any escalation of major-power tensions.     

Archaeological Investigations at Yunkaray (Cuzco,Peru): Reconstructing the Rise and Fall of an Early Inca Rival (A.D. 1050–1450)

In the highland Andes during the centuries leading to Inca imperial expansion (ca. a.d. 1400–1530s), the people of the Cuzco Basin established alliances and rivalries with diverse neighbors living across the Cuzco region. Among the most powerful of those groups was a polity centered at Yunkaray (occupied ca. a.d. 1050–1450) on the Maras Plain just northwest of the burgeoning city of Cuzco. Recent settlement survey and excavations in and around Yunkaray have identified the site as the principal settlement of the Ayarmaca group, which remained outside the sphere of Inca cultural influence despite its proximity to Cuzco. The distinctive nature of Yunkaray’s interaction with the Incas is examined here through household excavations, which indicate that the large village was occupied by a population presenting modest status distinctions and relying on locally derived sources of social identity.     

从三个维度解读党依法执政的深层意蕴

依法执政的科学命题,要求我们必须深刻把握其科学内涵和深层意蕴。理解党依法执政的深层意蕴需从三个维度入手,它具体表现为执政理念的新境界、执政能力的新提升和执政方式的新跨越三个层面。     

楚国设置巴郡考

战国中期,巴国除保有嘉陵江上游阆中一带外,其大部分国土被楚国陆续占领,包括涪江下游、渠江流域、泸州以东的长江流域、乌江流域。楚国对占领地区,采取了多种管理方式,如封巴人的首领为王侯,派"监"监管;封楚王宗族到一些地方,取代原方国部族首领;设置郡,作为地方最高军政单位。就行政区划而言,除将占领地区的东、南部分划归黔中、巫郡管理外,楚国还设立巴郡管理其余广大占领地区。楚国设置巴郡,早于秦国设置巴郡。     

西汉六安国史实钩沉

西汉六安国的出现,同汉初皖西境内淮南国、衡山国屡出变故直接相关。六安国首位国王刘庆,出身于一个显赫而又富有传奇色彩的家族。六安国因刘寄、刘庆家族显要,同武帝关系亲近,以及为着解决刘寄家族的矛盾而建立。研究西汉六安国之政区版籍的变化,必须采用逆推法等考证方法。六安国始封时至少应有七县之地。武帝以后的推恩分封、颁行左官律和附益法等,使得包括六安国在内的西汉诸侯王国逐步走向了衰微。     

论曹魏都督辖区的形成及定型

汉末动乱,朝廷重设四征、镇等将军以统辖一方军事,并重置都督以督管诸军。曹氏执政,为统一事权,督军渐向都督诸州军事发展,并与四征、镇将军之辖区形成二级军区制。及曹魏中后期,司马氏执政,鉴于四征、镇将军事权过大,且与都督事权不一,乃分割诸征、镇将军辖区,令四征、镇并置,并另置四安、平将军及诸杂号将军分辖各区。这使得四征、镇等将军辖区渐渐向都督区靠拢。将军号的滥置使得其位阶性日强,事权性日弱。在晋代魏禅时,都督最终正式取代了四征、镇等将军,成为地方最高军事长官,而都督区制度也就此趋于定型。     

社区分化-整合运动一般规律探讨

社区是社会的子系统,其运动发展极其复杂。本文借助系统理论中描述系统运动发展的一对概念-分化与整合建立起社区分化和社区整合概念,并通过从社会层面、区域层面、空间连续分布的相邻社区层面分析影响社区分化一整合的外部因素和社区分化一整合的基本内容及其相互关系,探讨社区运动发展的一般规律,最后结合我国社区发展的实际概况论述了社区分化一整合运动规律在我国的特殊表现。     

魏晋南朝时期的秩级

自官品出现之初,秩级和官品便不对应,终魏晋南朝之世一直如此,并且秩级逐步简化,到陈时仅剩8个秩级。魏晋南朝时期,秩级与官品是并行不悖的两个系列,秩级来源于先秦的稍食和月俸,与职务的繁简、职责的轻重相联系,具有职位分等的色彩,叙定同一系统内的职位等级;官品来源于汉代的朝位制度,具有品位分等的色彩,叙定官员身份地位的高下,规定官员所享有的权利或特权。二者相互结合,共同叙定同一部门内职位和官员身份的高低。魏晋南朝官员的俸禄与具体的职位相联系,既与秩级和官品有关,也与职类有关,没有一个皆准的规律。     

试析党的执政方式创新的路径选择

执政方式是执政党在处理与国家、社会以及其它政党的关系时所采用的体制、机制、途径、方法和手段的总称。中国共产党的执政理念是“立党为公、执政为民”,而改进新时期党的执政方式,应从树立科学的执政理念与创新党的执政机制两个方面入手,进而实现党的科学执政、民主执政和依法执政。     

强化执政党在弱势群体利益表达中的作用

利益表达是利益博弈的基础和利益实现的首要环节,也是执政党代表人民利益从事政治实践活动的必要步骤。对弱势群体利益表达的关照与维护,表征着党的利益代表功能发挥的程度与效果。弱势群体利益表达的现实困境,要求执政党不断完善其政治结构的利益表达功能,推动对良好利益表达环境的塑造,以引导弱势群体进行理性合法的利益表达。     

《中国历史地图集》战国部分地名校补

《中国历史地图集》作为政区地理研究的集大成者,由于历代地理与政区的变化复杂、文献记载的缺漏与歧异等原因而使该书存在着一定的疏误。不断出土的战国文字资料,不仅可以提供各诸侯国疆域变迁的内容,还包含大量的县一级的地名资料,可以据此对《地图集》第一册“战国时期”所收录的地名资料进行补正。本文在纠正《地图集》的几处失误之外,还补充了120余个战国时期的县名,为研究战国至秦汉时期的地理沿革提供了重要资料。