从敦煌本佛教灵验记看佛教的传播技巧

佛教自汉代入传中国以来,通过不断发展最终形成了有别于印度佛教的中国佛教。期间,佛教弘法者针对不同阶层的受众采取了"分众传播"的策略。敦煌本佛教灵验记恰是在这一背景下形成的传布佛法的"宣传案例集",一定程度上反映了当时佛教传播的原貌、见证了佛教的传播过程。因此,以敦煌本佛教灵验记为核心分析佛教的传播技巧,或可有益于中国佛教传播史的研究,并有助于宗教传播史的发展。     

丝绸之路佛教及佛教艺术的交流

佛教及佛教石窟寺是古代印度与中国最有特色的文化交流．也是丝绸之路上最能反映东西交流的文化及文化遗存。受印度佛教艺术的影响,中国自公元2～3世纪也开始了佛教艺术的创作。但在较长的时期内（1～4世纪）,中国内地的佛教艺术一直受印度的影响,没有形成自己的特色。如四川及南方出土的汉晋时期的佛教造像,明显受到秣菟罗佛教艺术的影响。     

成都大慈寺在佛教史上的地位

大慈寺位于四川省成都市市区东部,是唐宋时期成都最名的佛教寺院。佛教产生于印度,传人中国后不断发展,对中国人的政治、化和生活都产生了极大影响。寺院是佛教化的重要载体,至今人们没有进过寺院的为数甚少。汉至南朝时期成都是佛教从西向东传播的中转站之一。成都在佛教发展史上曾经有过辉煌的历史,在中国佛教史上意义非常。成都的大慈寺曾一度成为中国佛教的中心,对今日中国乃至世界化影响巨大,因此大慈寺的佛教源远流长,在中国佛教史上有着极重要的位置。     

大足石刻的思想背景

儒家和道家的思想有其根本的区别性,随着佛教传入中国、道教的宗教化以及儒家的神学化,三家的关系在鼎立的基础上开始了相互融合的历史。佛教在传入之初被认为是道教的一个支派从而被中国人接受的,然而由于道教与儒家的传统历史,所以佛教与政治的联姻是处于政治之外的。佛教发展的迅速促使儒家和道教的关系首先产生了微妙的变化,道教也开始从佛教中吸取诸如仪式的完整等方面的优点,士大夫也把佛教作为退隐的依托,同时佛教也开始运用中国化的语言和借用儒道两家的术语来宣传自己的教义。经过南北朝皇室的崇佛和灭佛运动,佛教在中国民众的生活中产生了广泛     

从《霍小玉传》看佛教对唐传奇的影响

佛教是自东汉永平年间传入中国的,迄今已达2000多年,对中国的各方面都产生了重大的影响,且不断融合中国本土的儒、道逐步实现自身的中国化。佛教于隋唐时期兴盛,太宗先道后佛,留心学问,普及佛典,常与高僧交往,尤其是玄奘法师。此后的高宗、中宗、睿宗、武则天等都信仰佛教,因为皇家的重视和推广,所以唐朝佛教各宗派如天台宗、华严宗、律宗、密宗等如日中天,佛教精英辈出。更值得注意的是,唐代禅宗的确立标志着佛教中国化的基本实现。禅宗相对于印度本土佛教有了很大改观,它是一种更适合中国士大夫口味的理想体系。对于文人,他们对佛教更多的理解为一种哲学体系,所以文人对于佛教的认识是透过迷信与民俗信仰的表层,深入到其宇宙观的内层的。     

釉彩纷披下的庄严宝相 古陶瓷中佛教造像的题材与种类(上)

<正>佛教在两汉之际传入中国,逐渐成为中国文化与生活中不可或缺的内容之一。而作为在中国成长起来的陶瓷艺术,特别是在东汉晚期创烧成功的瓷器中,有没有佛教的内容呢?有的话,佛教的内容是什么样的状况呢?在中国古陶瓷中佛教题材的内容自然是在佛教进入中国以后才有可能出现在陶瓷上,但陶瓷上的佛教题材、特别是佛教造像的内容并没有与佛教传入中国而同时出现,而     

中国早期佛教遗存的考古发现与研究综论

中国早期佛教考古是指从佛教正式传入的东汉至两晋时期的佛教考古。这一时期的佛教遗存发现相对较少,有些佛教遗物在形态和性质上较为模糊,不易辨识,但它们对研究佛教如何进入中国及进入中国后的早期历史表现具有十分重要的意义。从19世纪末20世纪初开始直到近年,学者们对中国境内发现的早期佛教遗存的性质、时代、分期、艺术风格、传入路径等开展了大量研究,相关成果对认识东汉至两晋时期的佛教历史文化具有重要贡献。     

首次亮相的甘肃佛教造像艺术珍品

甘肃是佛教东传的必经之地,也是佛教完成中国本土化的地方。漫长的岁月给甘肃留下了大批的佛教艺术珍宝。     

佛学初传与中国佛教的建立

佛学初传与中国佛教的建立唐玉田印度佛教,何时传入我国？从来众说纷坛。要深入研究中国教史,必需先解决两个问题：一是佛教何时传入中国,二是中国佛教何时建立。下面拟分别进行讨论。一、佛教在战国、秦时已传入中国关于佛教初传的年代问题,学界看法不一。一说汉明帝...     

宜春禅宗文化遗址的保护与展望

西汉时期,佛教传入中国,至今已走过了两千多年的历史,在漫长的时空沧桑里,源自于天竺的佛教逐渐汉化,它吸收了中国儒家思想及道教的方术,转化为有中国特色的佛教,并成为中国文化的重要组成部分。禅宗文化是中国哲学思想发展的重要内容,又是宗教文化中光彩夺目的组成部分。早在隋唐佛教的鼎盛时期,中国大地上佛学思想活跃,佛教宗派林立,其中影响最大的是天台宗、法相宗、三论宗、禅宗、华严宗、净土宗、律宗、密宗。禅宗在佛教发展中的地位可见一斑。那么,禅是什么呢?禅是佛教用语,梵文“禅那”的简称,意为“思维修”,即安静而止息杂虑,达到…     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.