青铜病的闭塞孔穴腐蚀特征的研究

为探求符合物保护要求的青铜器保护处理方法,对青铜病形成的过程和原因进行了模拟小孔腐蚀实验研究,对青铜模拟闭塞电池的化学和电化学状态的变化,进行了不同Cl^-1浓度和不同的PH值溶液条件下的电化学测试。实验结果证明,青铜闭塞孔穴腐蚀能导致蚀孔内CI^-浓缩,PH值降低,腐蚀电流增大,局部腐蚀的加速,导致青铜病的形成。青铜病的闭塞孔穴腐蚀特征的研究,对进一步探求符合物保护要求的青铜器保护处理方法具有较好的理论指导意义。     

模拟青铜器样品在典型电解质溶液中的电化学行为研究

为了具体探讨青铜器不同相组织的腐蚀状况,采用电化学测量技术研究模拟青铜器样品在五种典型电解质和模拟土壤溶液中的腐蚀行为。实验结果表明,在氯化钠、硫酸钠、磷酸钠、氢氧化钠、碳酸氢钠以及模拟的土壤溶液中,青铜器组织中的α相比δ相及(α δ)共析体组织更容易发生腐蚀。介质的pH值以及不同离子对青铜器不同相组织的腐蚀行为影响很大。     

青铜病的发生与小孔腐蚀的关系

青铜病的产生与青铜器铸件本身的缺陷所产生的小孔腐蚀有一定的关系,小孔腐蚀可以解释青铜病的腐蚀现象。根据小孔腐蚀的特征,采用激振除锈垢和化学溶液相结合的方法,可以提高对青铜病的处理效果。进一步深入对小孔腐蚀的研究是解决青铜病问题的方向。     

青铜文物锈蚀机理及有害锈转化剂研究

为保护好出土青铜物,防止“青铜病”蔓延,必须除去有害锈,为此作了青铜器锈蚀机理的模拟性验证实验。依据电化学原理,经6次配方筛选和多次工艺条件试验,研制出能将青铜器中有害锈转化为无害锈的转化剂,它可特有害锈中的CT转化成Cl2、Cu^ 转化为Cu^2 和Cu,从而制止“青铜病”的蔓延。用此方法对青铜物进行保护,在大气中存放7年,至今保护完好,无锈点。     

PMTA对青铜表面保护作用

研究了1-苯基-5-巯基四氮唑(PMTA)对青铜的缓蚀性能。经盐水浸泡试验和电化学测试证明,用 PMTA 处理过的青铜片抗 Cl~-腐蚀性能较好。电子能谱分析(AES 和 XPS)表明 PMTA 与青铜合金元素配位较大,因此推测 Cu_2O、SnO_2、PbO 等相互作用而形成复杂的络合物膜起了保护作用。     

“苏州派”青铜文物保护修复传统技术的调查研究

中国青铜文物保护修复传统技术的科学化研究,目的是对源远流长的中国青铜器保护修复技术进行抢救、继承并发展,使之科学化和规范化,系统全面地揭示、继承和发展中国青铜文物保护修复传统技术。研究的主要工作任务之一为国内青铜文物保护修复传统技术的调查研究,即对国内青铜文物     

河南博物院文物保护技术研究中心

河南博物院文物保护技术研究中心,其前身是河南博物馆文物保护技术实验室。研究中心始建于１９６０年,经过近４０年的发展已经成为我国博物馆从事文物保护科学技术研究的专业机构之一。中心下设保护技术研究、保护处理、文物修复、古字画保护和文物摄影五个专业组。主要研究集中在古代青铜器修复技术、腐蚀青铜器研究及保护处理、古旧字画揭裱技术、科学技术史和古代冶金史等方面,在此基础上取得的主要研究成果有：铜禁修复保护、非金属材料复制青铜器技术研究、古代冶金过程热力学分析、古代青铜器的腐蚀与控制、复合阻断型青铜器保护剂…     

青铜器保护新材料的研究

“青铜器文物保护新材料的研制”课题是国家文物局、江苏省科委下达的文物保护科研项目。课题组在众多青铜器保护方法的基础上,研究了一种既简单又行之有效的青铜器保护技术和材料。研制的新型缓蚀剂AMT填补了国内空白。ACN1(AMT C N)复合配方的研究成功,突破了国外单一的AMT或AMT HNO3处理青铜文物表面变色     

青铜文物保护修复技术的中外比较研究

我国青铜文物修复技术是具有自己特色的传统工艺技术,随着科学技术的进步和时代的发展,国内外大量现代保护方法与材料在青铜器保护修复中引进与吸收利用。本文按照我国青铜文物保护修复的工艺流程,从清洗去锈、加固处理、稳定处理、整形复原、连接完形、补配缺块、缓蚀处理、作色做旧和表面封护九个方面,对我国与其他国家青铜文物保护修复技术进行归纳总结与比较,进而阐释中外青铜文物保护修复技术的发展过程与异同点。     

AMT复合剂保护青铜文物的研究

本依据ATM复合剂清洗粉状锈即青铜病的实验,对春秋战国时期的腐蚀青铜编钟进行保护处理,将清洗液作了IC分析。从实验和分析表明ATM复合剂不怛可消除粉状锈,而且对青铜物起到缓蚀保护的作用,简化了传统腐蚀青铜物的处理工艺。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.