传统金箔制作工艺调查研究

传统的金箔制作工艺是传统金属工艺的重要组成部分,制作金箔的主要和唯一方法是锻造,自商代起一直沿用至今。早期由于未采用隔层材料,只逐片锻打,厚度也不可能太薄,随着隔层材料的使用,特别是至迟在明代使用的乌金纸,使金箔的厚度大大降低,从最早的逐张锻打发展到目前的一次锻打1000－2000张,生产效率有了极大提高,工序也有了进一步发展细化。科技的发展的工业化生产,对传统工艺产生了极大的冲击,因此对传统工艺的保护成为当务之急,有效的途径之一是对传统工艺进行调查和研究,为此对南京金线金箔总厂的传统金箔制作工艺进行了调查,从合金的成分,熔炼,打制和切割工具,隔层材料,制作工序等方面对金箔的传统制作工艺流程了记述。     

一批楚墓包金金属饰片金箔成分及制作工艺的科学研究

出土于湖北当阳赵巷M12和曹家岗M5春秋晚期楚墓的金属饰片部分外包有带纹饰的金箔,该批饰片数量较大,类型丰富,材质多样,制作精良,在楚墓所出类似文物中规格较高。为对金箔的元素含量、厚度、颜色、光泽度、纹饰和制作工艺等方面展开系统的研究,本研究采用扫描电镜、X射线荧光分析显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、三维视频显微镜、色差仪、光泽度仪以及气质联用色谱等分析手段对194片金箔进行科学的分析。研究表明,这批楚墓金箔为金银合金,Au含量为82%～95%,Ag为5%～18%,厚度7～35μm,与先秦时期其他墓葬出土的金箔、金片相比,其厚度最薄,金含量相对较高,金箔表面更光亮,打磨抛光较为明显,纹饰种类更为丰富,纹饰刻划更加细腻、繁缛。显然,其制作工艺达到较高的水准。同时,对该批金箔的冶炼技术和制作工艺过程进行了探讨。研究结果可为了解中国传统金箔和纹饰制作工艺提供重要的参考依据。     

陕西出土明代漆棺制作工艺及材质研究

为了更好地了解亚浸水漆器的制作工艺及材质,为该类文物修复保护提供科学依据,本工作采用扫描电镜能谱分析、X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析等技术对出土于陕西长安县明代墓葬一漆棺的制作工艺及主要制作材料进行了分析研究。结果表明,漆棺是按照木胎-纤维-灰层-漆膜-颜料的工序制作的,主要使用材料有麻、粘土类物质、生漆、金及朱砂颜料。漆棺制作工艺及材质与文献记载基本一致,是中国古代漆棺传统工艺制作的典型代表。     

非物质文化遗产的传承——绛州剔犀的制作工艺研究

剔犀是一种古老的漆器艺术形式,已被列为国家级非物质文化遗产,新绛黄河云雕厂的工艺大师作为该项技艺的传承人,在其剔犀漆器制作过程中很好地保留了传统工艺。剔犀漆器的制作工艺复杂,工序繁复,制作过程环环相扣,文章通过对其工艺环节的分析介绍,以期更多的人认识和了解这项传统手工技艺。     

世界最大的金箔制造中心

南京金箔集团有限责任公司是1955年创办,至今已有五十余年历史,下属金陵金箔公司传承了几千年的民族传统“金箔锻造工艺”,现在已发展成为世界最大的金箔、铜箔生产基地。公司拥有金箔、铜箔艺人1200多名,年耗用黄金1200多公斤,年产各种规格金箔2亿张．铜箔、铝箔4亿张,占全国总产量70％以上,其中70％以上出口日本、法国、德国、意大利、埃及、美国、马西、沙特以及台湾、东南亚等国家和地区。公司生产的金陵牌金箔1987年荣获国家金质奖。1993年,“金陵金箔”企业标准已是轻工部颁布的《金箔》（QB＼T1734—93）行业标准,     

法门寺地宫出土唐代丝绸用金装饰工艺研究

借助文献分析、传统工艺调查和科学仪器分析相结合的研究方法,对法门寺丝绸装饰用金的形态、类型、材质和加工工艺进行了综合研究。结果表明,法门寺丝绸用金装饰主要包括金箔贴饰、捻金(银)线蹙金绣、织金锦以及利用缝线和墨绘线条组合装饰几种类型,所用金属线以高含金量的捻金线为主,中国古代金属线的类型演变主要遵循了制作成本逐渐降低,金属线长度、韧性、强度逐步增加,以及金属线外观色彩形貌和装饰工艺逐渐多样化的趋势。     

马来西亚传统工艺研究

马来西亚的传统工艺历史悠久,其中以雕刻、蜡染和风筝制作工艺最为著名,这些传统工艺作品反映着马来民族心灵手巧以及对自然万物的热爱。马来西亚的传统工艺历史悠久、品类繁多。华裔和印度裔的工艺承接自祖辈传统,马来民族在生产实践中也积累并形成了令世界惊叹的传统工艺,而其中以雕刻、蜡染和风筝制作工艺最为     

阳高云林寺彩塑制作工艺与材料研究

在对阳高云林寺彩塑现场调查的基础上，利用X射线荧光分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)、显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱分析等方法对颜料的化学成分进行了分析。研究发现云林寺彩塑是遵循传统工艺制作的，同时也有裱纸、颜料混合使用、拨金等个性之处。颜料方面，红色使用了铅丹、朱砂和铁红三种，绿色颜料为巴黎绿和碱式氯化铜两种，蓝色见有蓝铜矿和群青两种，黑色为炭黑。本研究比较全面地揭示了云林寺大雄宝殿彩塑制作工艺和使用材料的情况，丰富了对古代彩塑制作工艺和材料的认识，为保护修复实施奠定了基础。     

望京楼遗址出土青铜器研究

望京楼遗址是夏商时期重要邑聚,为了解该遗址铜器制作工艺水平,通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜对2010~2012年新郑望京楼遗址出土的青铜器样品进行组织与成分分析和探讨。该批铜器未见青铜容器,仅有小件工具和兵器。但仍可初步反映出望京楼遗址出土的青铜器材质多样化和加工方式非单一性;对望京楼铜器分析反映出该区域使用锻打应该有了一定积累并在此基础上能依据材质和器物薄厚、尺寸选择工艺,对锻打技术认知度较高。望京楼铜器具有的原始性,应属于铜合金使用的早期阶段。研究表明,商代对于器物成分与性能关系的认识程度比之前得到提高。器物是本地制作还是外来还需要更多材料证明。     

唐墓壁画载体的特殊性及传统工艺

唐墓壁画由于长期被置于地下墓室的特殊环境,在制作工艺和材料的选择上与地上绘画艺术有很大的不同。本文剖析了唐墓壁画的特殊结构和特性;从传统工艺出发,介绍了唐墓壁画载体的材料及制作工艺;从理论上分析了唐墓壁画的主要载体一石灰地仗的收缩、开裂的防治方法。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.