苏区时期的"赤白对立"--阶级革命中的非阶级现象

赤白对立是指苏维埃区域与非苏维埃区域之间的对立,出现于苏区周边地区,它不是由土地革命加剧的阶级间的对立,而是一种非阶级的由多种因素引发的以地域为中心的冲突。赤白对立的出现,既有中共自身的原因,也有国民党方面的推波助澜,还缘于社会革命与社会组织间的内在冲突。就中共方面看,前期和后期造成这一现象的原由也不尽相同。赤白对立给中共开展革命造成很大不利影响,某种程度上成为苏维埃时代的一个痼疾。     

陕西辛亥革命的地位和意义的再认识

陕西辛亥革命是最早响应武昌起义的省份之一,是辛亥革命北方的大本营,为北方各省起义树立了榜样,给清王朝在政治、军事等方面予以称重打击,为民主革命胜利做出了重大贡献,在辛亥革命史上写下了光辉的一页,具有重要的地位和意义。本文首先对陕西辛亥革命的情况进行了概述,接着重点对陕西辛亥革命的地位和意义进行了深入分析,对陕西辛亥革命的历史地位与特点重新认识。     

信仰与权争：1931年高邮“打城隍”风潮之研究

1930年前后,一场浩浩荡荡的破除迷信运动席卷了江苏、浙江、安徽、山东等省,国民党基层组织纷纷以革命的名义发动了针对传统民间信仰的政治运动,继而导致各地社会的动荡,乃至酿成民变。然而在这个运动背后,却隐藏着国民党基层党政机关彼此对立的潜流,基层党政双方时常围绕意识形态、实际利益等要素而爆发对抗,接着又会在当地社会激发各式各样运动与反运动间激烈对抗的风潮。本文希望通过重建作为具体案例的高邮打城隍事件,来揭示民间信仰事件背后的深层政治原因——南京国民政府初期基层党政权力间的结构性冲突。     

广州商团与商团事变——从商人团体角度的再探讨

以往关于广州商团事变的记述和研究 ,多偏重于革命政府方面 ,对商团方面的探讨明显不足。有关事变由英国和南北军阀阴谋策动的传统说法 ,迄今缺乏有力的证据。商团事变是广州商界同孙中山革命政府的冲突 ,其性质是反革命的 ,这场事变的发生与清末及民国初年以来广东特殊的政治、社会背景以及商团发展的历史特点有直接关系     

20世纪二三十年代胶东盐业暴力冲突述论

20世纪二三十年代胶东地区发生多起村民抢盐、围攻盐务管理机构的暴力冲突事件。这些冲突既有会党组织的,也有村民自发的。冲突对盐务职员生命构成威胁的同时,也打断正常的农业生产,增加社会治理成本。产生盐业冲突的深层原因是国民政府沿袭传统的盐引制,盐业市场自由化沦为空谈;因缺乏监督约束,盐制实施过程存在诸多弊端,盐政官员极易谋求超过行政职责的私利。私盐贩卖不仅与政府争利,而且影响社会安定。当越来越多的走私群体出现时,整个纳税群体就会集聚起对抗现有盐业体制的潜在力量。这种影响与普通民众对于盐税不断攀升的不满情绪相汇合,容易诱发暴力冲突。     

18-20世纪俄国的国家与现代化

传统社会向现代社会的过渡常常导致社会冲突,解决冲突的方式不一,其中以改革和革命为主.当改革不足以解决尖锐的社会冲突之时,革命便不可避免,旧制度随之寿终正寝,而由国家实施的改革模式则力主法律的继承性和合理化变化.19-20世纪初的俄国则成为这样两种社会发展模式博弈的舞台.俄国通过革命解决了当时的社会冲突,其革命模式对许多亚非拉国家产生了深远影响.然而,这些采取革命方式解决冲突的国家多以失败告终,不仅未能步入现代化道路,反而使国家陷入混乱状态.现代化进程顺利与否完全取决于其自身的历史条件与外部因素,盲目效仿他人不足取.     

16世纪西欧“价格革命”的动因析解

16世纪西欧发生的"价格革命"是一个具有重大历史意义的事件。对于它的原因,传统的货币数量理论往往侧重美洲进口金银的影响。事实上,"价格革命"的发生是多种因素共同起作用的结果。西欧社会由农本向重商的转变,商品经济的发达是"价格革命"最深刻的根源。美洲金银的大量涌入、气候、人口增长、粮食供应等因素则对"价格革命"的产生起了催化剂作用。     

解释革命的新路径--评斯科克波的《国家与社会革命》

斯科克波的《国家与社会革命》是历史社会学的经典著作。该书从新的视角解释了法国、俄国与中国革命,指出这三个革命同属改造社会结构和政治结构,加强中央集权、扩大大众参与基础的社会革命,具有相似的因果关系模式。该书采用的非意志论结构分析和比较历史分析具有一定的局限性。     

对冷战后中美关系的再认识、再思考

正冷战结束以来的20多年中,中美关系在曲折、起伏中得到了广泛深入的发展。中美两国间密切的经济和社会关系是冷战后两国关系发展的长期和坚实基础。与此同时,中美两国曾多次出现严重对抗、冲突或危机,而每次对抗、冲突和危机都是美国挑起的。近一年来美国在反对中国方面已达到完全不顾基本事实的状态。美国在中国领土主权、在亚洲安全问题上采取与中国对立对抗的敌对方针是由美国的内政外交特别是由美     

刊中人

苏联解体真相 每一场革命都令人惊奇。而俄罗斯最近一场革命一定是惊奇之中的惊奇。在1991年之前的岁月中,没有任何西方的专家、学者、官员或政客预见到苏联的解体正在迫近,也没有人预见到解体的发生。当时的苏联虽然有着经济、政治、社会等方面的一系列结构性原因,但是这些原因显然都不足以致命,     

When the rule of law met rule by the party: the conflicts between Baptist schools and the local Guomindang in Republican Suzhou

ABSTRACT

This study examines the relationship between the Guomindang (GMD) and the courts by focusing on the 1929 conflicts between the Suzhou Baptist schools and the local GMD party apparatus. The GMD regime supported the principle of rule by the party. At the local level, the GMD’s rise was often stymied by the independent judiciary whose judgments were based on the principle of the rule of law. The local party might not have been able to control the local court in the early years of the GMD regime, but it did steadily alter state-society relationships, as it could benefit from the local court’s commitment to the rule of law. For instance, the district court in Suzhou actively defended the principle of rule by the party in conflicts between Baptist schools and the local party because the GMD had made that principle the law of the land.     

Polish experiences with Scandinavian activity in the League of Nations

The aim of this article is to analyse the role played by Scandinavian politicians and experts working for the League of Nations in resolving conflicts to which Poland was a party and how this activity was assessed by Polish diplomats and politicians. Scandinavian involvement in decision-making processes related to Polish interests was mainly studied on the basis of diplomatic documents as well as Polish and Swedish press articles. The analysis focuses on several key issues. The first relates to the background to the involvement of Swedish politicians and experts in the procedures employed to resolve the Polish–Lithuanian conflict over Vilnius. Another concerns the attitude of the Scandinavian states towards electing Poland as a member of the League Council between 1923 and 1935, with special emphasis on the Swedish veto of 1926. Finally, the involvement of Scandinavian experts in resolving conflicts between Poland and the city of Danzig is discussed. In this case, the most important figure was Helmer Rosting, who held the position of the League of Nations High Commissioner in the Free City of Danzig between 1932 and 1934. The conclusions emphasize that Poles were generally dissatisfied with the work of the Scandinavians, accusing them of being biased towards the Germans and Lithuanians. Moreover, the Polish party involved believed that, when making their judgments and decisions, Scandinavian officials only followed the letter of the law and did not pay sufficient regard to the political context.     

Frontiers of Urban Control: Lawlessness on the City Edge and Forms of Clientalist Statecraft in Zimbabwe

This article develops the concept of “urban frontier” to explore conflicts over state regularisation of city edge informal settlements in Zimbabwe’s capital Harare. It conceptualises the presence of “lawless” urban frontiers and “illegal” territorial authorities in capital cities as expressions of a permissive form of central statecraft. In so doing, the article takes forward debates over the politics shaping the margins of Africa’s rapidly expanding cities, redressing scholars’ tendency to neglect central party‐state strategic calculations and party politics in their analyses of unregulated settlements. Dominant interpretations generally hinge on state absence or weakness and emphasise localised influences. The case of Harare’s highly politicised city‐edge informal settlements reveals the inadequacy of apolitical approaches particularly clearly, as all were controlled by the ruling ZANUPF party. The conflicts provoked by regularisation provide a lens on disputes within the ruling party, which we interpret as disputes over different forms of clientalist statecraft. Analyses of urban frontiers can thus help move away from generic one‐size‐fits‐all explanations of informality and patronage politics in Africa’s expanding cities.     

关于山西与环渤海地区区域工业合作的思考

山西作为全国的能源重化工基地,工业结构呈现出"畸重型"特点。近年来,这种结构与市场的矛盾日益突出,山西工业处于一种不景气状态。山西工业要振兴,区域合作是捷径。山西与其东邻的环渤海地区,有着明显的地缘优势、资源互补优势和良好的合作基础。随着国家经济建设重心向中西部地区的转移,山西作为中部地区的前沿地带,很有可能成为环渤海地区向中西部转移工业的首选地区。山西应牢牢抓住这一契机,加强与环渤海地区进行多方位、多渠道、多层次的合作。其合作途径是文章重点探讨的内容。     

The Law of Nations and Declarations of War after the Peace of Utrecht

The history of the law of nations is generally seen as a synonym for the history of the laws of war. Yet, a strictly bilateral perspective can distort our interpretation of early modern diplomacy. The Peace of Utrecht (11 April 1713) inaugurated an era of relative stability in the European state system, based on balance-of-power politics and anti-hegemonic legal argumentation. Incidental conflicts ought to be interpreted against this background. Declarations of war issued in 1718, 1719 and 1733 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance and the Polish Succession should not be read as doctrinal surrogates for trials between two parties, but as manifestos in a European arena.     

地域文化与国家文化——三晋文化与山西文化关系辨析

战国时代在"争于市朝"的政治策略下,韩、赵、魏的发展重点先后离开山西,同时使三晋文化带有强烈的经世致用和急功近利的色彩。处于政治冲突中心的国家所承载的文化往往直接体现时代的风貌,与山西在历史变迁中自然形成的地域差异和自身文化特质有本质的区别。将三晋文化视为山西文化的直接源头甚至发展巅峰的观点是值得推敲的。     

正确处理党内主要矛盾的制度创新——以利益为视角

在新的历史时期,由于党的地位、任务与党的建设环境、历史方位发生了深刻变化,党内主要矛盾也出现了与过去完全不同的新变化,利益矛盾成为党内主要矛盾。制度、体制的缺陷,是党内矛盾产生的最重要的根源。要正确处理党内主要矛盾,关键在于进行制度创新,建立制度化的权力制衡机制和科学的利益整合机制,使党内外各种利益群体协调发展,各尽其能、各得其所而又和谐相处。     

Explaining Third‐Party Intervention in Ethnic Conflict: Theory and Evidence

Abstract. One of the most challenging developments for students of international relations is the resurgence of ethnic strife, including secessionism and irredentism. Basic questions are only beginning to be addressed in the post‐Cold War era. Why are some states more likely than others to intervene in ethnic conflicts? How can international norms about third‐party intervention in ethnic conflicts be evaded or ignored by some states but respected by others? Why are some states inclined to use force rather than mediation to resolve ethnic strife? In short, what accounts for the emergence of adventurous and belligerent foreign policies with respect to internal ethnic conflicts? These questions are of increasing importance to students of international politics, yet the dynamics and internationalisation of ethnic conflict are far from fully understood. This study focuses on the dynamics of third‐party intervention in ethnic strife and implications for peaceful resolution. The first section presents a model that identifies the general conditions under which ethnic strife is most likely to lead to intervention by third‐party states. The second uses four cases to illustrate, within the context of the model, different processes with respect to internationalisation of ethnic conflict. The third and final stage identifies implications for policy and theory, along with directions for future research.     

Gender in Polar Air: Roald Amundsen and his Aeronautics

Abstract

The aim of this article is to discuss the polar aeronautics of the 1920s as men, that is: to take seriously the obvious – but so far more or less ignored fact – that polar history is a gendered history: a man's history. It is time to ask what kind of men the polar aviators were: that is the purpose of scrutinizing polar history as a part of the history of masculinity. A more general purpose of gender studies is to study the variety of masculinity as an illustration of the historicity of human behaviour. The conclusion of the article is that the polar aviators were representatives of an archaic kind of masculinity that deviated from the hegemonic engineer-hailing masculinity of the 1920s. They were escapists, of course. They loved flying, of course – and certainly they worshipped technology. At the same time, however, they acted extremely emotionally and even irrationally towards themselves. They were dictated by their strong feelings in a degree that collided with both common sense and the ideals of correct manliness. Thus, the article is intended to be a contribution not only to the study of masculinity, but even to the discussion in social research on the meaning of emotions in human interrelationships.     

The Indian nation and selective amnesia: representing conflicts and violence in Indian history textbooks

‘Unity is always obtained by means of brutality’ wrote Ernest Renan. Following this idea, this article investigates how social conflicts and violence are included or muted in national history. This is done by comparing the successive series of history textbooks used in India in the postindependence period. The historical narratives contained in the textbooks were influenced by different conceptions of the Indian nation, and these variations allow us to observe and better understand what is remembered or forgotten in the national narrative. We will see that conflicts and violence are referred to when they involve the nation against its ‘other’ but depictions of conflicts within the nation as it is imagined are avoided. Thus, certain violent episodes of the past find a place in the national historical narrative, yet violence in itself is never described.