我国UNESCO亚太文化遗产保护获奖项目调查研究

联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)亚太遗产保护奖一直致力表彰那些既顺应世界遗产保护潮流,又能适应亚洲政治经济和相对滞后的保护体制的优秀工程实例。本文通过对我国获得UNESCO亚太遗产保护奖的多个项目进行调查研究,探讨世界遗产保护趋势在我国的体现,以及我国遗产保护的特色和问题,并思考我国遗产保护的发展方向。     

UNESCO亚太地区文化遗产保护奖与中国获奖项目的意义

联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)亚太地区文化遗产保护奖("亚太遗产奖")是由UNESCO曼谷办事处于2000年发起设立的国际区域性文化遗产奖项,对亚太地区各国的文化遗产保护产生了重要影响。"亚太遗产奖"申报主体的充分与必要条件是民间性,申报项目的文化遗产实体须满50年。中国是"亚太遗产奖"申报项目与获奖项目最多的国家,至2016年共有60项获奖项目,显示了中国在亚太地区文化遗产保护领域的重要作用,鼓励了民间文化遗产保护的热情,促进了获奖项目所在地的社会经济发展。     

英国遗产彩票政府拨款之外的遗产保护之道

当歌唱与舞蹈的电视真人秀节目在世界多国发展得如火如荼时,英国的电视台最近又想到了新鲜主意.如今在电视节目上所海选的,不是具有特殊演艺才华的平民大众,也不是在老本行之外有其他特长的超级明星,而是遗产保护项目! 英国是全世界最早提出创意理念的国家,并且在今天仍旧是全世界最重要的与最具活力的创意产业中心之一.这次即将PK(竞赛)于英国电视台BBC 1频道的选手,是七位来自于英国遗产界的人物,他们分别代表7项进入候选名单的遗产地或遗产保护项目.这七个项目是从百余项遗产保护项目中竞争而出,其中的优胜项目将会经过观众投票选出,从而获得由英国遗产彩票基金所给予的奖金支持,用于遗产保护.     

意大利公众参与文化遗产保护的经验与启示

意大利公众参与遗产保护已成为一种民族自觉。意大利公众参与文化遗产保护的经验主要集中在重视吸引公众参与遗产社会教育、加强公众参与遗产保护法律建设、保障公众参与遗产保护渠道等三个方面。意大利的经验启示我们,中国遗产管理也应在这三个方面加强建设。     

旅游开发与非物质文化遗产保护

非物质文化遗产是我国宝贵的遗产资源,对于目前我国非物质文化遗产资源不断消失的现状,如何保护这些遗产资源成了一个亟待解决的问题。笔者认为旅游开发是保护非物质文化遗产资源的有力途径,故本文试从旅游资源调查评价、宏观战略制定、旅游项目设计三个方面具体阐述如何对其进行保护。     

保护20世纪遗产：刻不容缓的文化遗产保护新课题

对于当下的人们来说,20世纪仿佛还在昨天,这是个日新月异、创新的时代。而提到“遗产”,则更多让人想到传统,想到过去的古老遗迹。在这样的语境下,保护20世纪遗产的提出,无疑是对以往人们固有的文化遗产保护观念的更新。     

第一批国家非物质文化遗产名录推荐广东省的项目名单

根据去年4月26日化部的通报,我国将建立非物质化遗产名录体系,并已确定40个国家非物质化遗产保护试点项目,《中华人民共和国非物质化遗产保护法》也已列入全国人大立法规划。     

赫拉特古城赢得2008年联合国教科文组织亚太区文化遗产杰出遗产奖

11月25日,联合国教科文组织对阿迦汗文化信托基金会与信息文化部合作进行的保护工作给予肯定,并且在2008年联合国教科文组织亚太区文化遗产保护奖项评比中,给赫拉特古城遗产保护项目颁发杰出遗产奖．以表彰他们对赫拉特古城保护做出的杰出贡献。由意大利和挪威政府资助的联合国教科文赫拉特基金将进一步鼓励对赫拉特古城历史城市建筑及阿富汗其他重要的历史遗迹的保护工作。     

《威尼斯宪章》在中国的实践与发展

第二次世界大战之后至今,全球文化遗产保护呈现出四个大趋势：一是越来越从全人类的角度来保护人类共有的文化和自然资源,并使这些基础资源在尽可能长的时间内得以维持;二是遗产保护的综合性和社会化程度越来越高,遗产保护不再只是专业机构的领域而日益成为一项吸引众多行业、众多人才的社会公益事业：三是越来越强调对得到保护的遗产的应用,以及与遗产相关的非物质基因的传承、发展,遗产保护的目的越来越接近直接为社区发展与繁荣、为民众的现实生活服务;四是由于“物质遗产”消亡的必然性．人们更多地借助数字化等多种手段去发掘、整理、记录、表现那些“非物质遗产”。文化遗产的概念更多地加入了传承与发展的内容。《威尼斯宪章》作为一个兼容、开放、发展的系统,既是这四大趋势的最初产物,也是这四大趋势遍布全球的基本推动力。当代中国的文化遗产保护,上述趋势也已经初步显现。     

国际遗产保护新理念——建筑遗产的预防性保护探析

本文介绍了建筑遗产的预防性保护的新概念,从预防性保护的概念出现及演变谈起,分析了预防性保护的几个发展阶段,并结合西方建筑遗产保护史分析了预防性保护概念出现及其后来被建筑遗产保护领域所重视的缘由。在此基础上,文章给出了建筑遗产的预防性保护的定义,分析其特点并谈了其对当今中国建筑遗产保护领域的一些启示。     

潼南大佛保护与修复研究

2010年至2012年,中国文化遗产研究院承担了大型贴金彩绘摩崖石刻造像潼南大佛的保护修复工程。本次工程不仅利用了多种分析检测及三维扫描技术,对文物的历史及病害信息进行了详细调研,还对造像妆銮和传统修复工艺进行了深入研究,总结了古代髹漆贴金工艺的装饰与保护功效,以及历代传统修复所用材料及工艺的优势。并在本次工程中将调研结果与现代科学修复理念、技术有效结合,取得了较满意的修复效果。     

Criteria for the Assessment of the Modern Use of Ancient Theatres and Odea

ERATO is a research project entitled ‘Identification, Evaluation and Revival of the Acoustical Heritage of Ancient Theatres and Odea’ that was implemented within the Fifth Framework INCO‐MED Programme of the European Commission, under the thematic title ‘Preserving and Using Cultural Heritage’. The project was designed to identify virtual restoration and the revival of the acoustical and architectural heritage. The project also addressed the issue of establishing criteria for the assessment of the modern use of ancient theatres and odea. Ancient theatres are threatened by erosion through time and improper use. The desire to use ancient sites with theatres and odea for modern activities is very tempting for modern societies. In fact, reuse is currently used as a means of conservation as well as justification for the enormous costs that restoration and conservation entail. However, decision makers and those involved with conservation are generally more conservative and reluctant to encourage reuse. It is important to realise that we are dealing with man‐made space designed for dialogue between audience and actors and hence criteria should be developed to enhance consistent and conscious decisions aimed at the conservation of such spaces. Criteria should be sought that consider several parameters related to human comfort, besides architecture and acoustic qualities. This paper discusses and evaluates, in general, the criteria relating to the modern use of ancient theatres and odea through understanding their value, ancient and current use, kinds of contemporary use, causes of deterioration and threats, and their cultural significance, while reviewing the main issues related to the international charters on the use of ancient places of performance.     

我国的运河遗产及其保护面临的问题

为突破自然河流的局限性和更好地利用水资源或治水防洪,人类很早就开始了运河的开凿.运河遗产保护不仅因其反映了人类和国家的政治、经济、军事、农业、水利等方面演进的历史而显得格外重要,运河遗产保护中的遗产调查、遗产评估、保护规划、遗产管理、遗产监测等各方面都因其时空演变复杂、跨水系甚至跨流域、遗产体量巨大、动态性和在用性等特征表现为尤其困难.我国是最早开凿和利用运河的国家之一,也是拥有运河数量最多、长度最大的国家,同时也是运河保护面临问题最多、最尖锐的国家。以拟申遗的中国大运河为例,阐述我国快速城市化进程背景下运河遗产保护面临的新的历史机遇和挑战,期望对解决我国运河遗产保护的现实问题有所裨益。     

Mixed world heritage in Scandinavian countries

UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention has become a global policy for natural and cultural conservation and in particular the intricate relation between the two. This article presents two cases, Laponia and the Lofoten Islands, put forward as mixed World Heritage Sites by the governments of Sweden and Norway. The overall national goals of the nominations have been to ensure sustainable human use of natural resources and the conservation of biodiversity. However, in both countries the nomination and implementation of mixed sites have produced a series of challenges at the municipality management level. Comparing the processes of promoting Laponia and Lofoten as World Heritage Sites, the article discusses the challenges of local involvement and democratic participation in national decision-making by asking what comprises local involvement and co-management at mixed World Heritage Sites. Why does the implementation of management at mixed World Heritage Sites create conflict between local stakeholders and the national governments of Norway and Sweden?     

濒危世界遗产威胁因素分析与中国世界遗产保护对策

研究导致世界遗产"濒危"的威胁因素能够为我国世界遗产管理与保护提供重要借鉴。对全球濒危世界遗产威胁因素定量统计发现:武装冲突、管理不力、工程建设是世界文化遗产与世界自然遗产共同面临的三大威胁;世界文化遗产的主要濒危因素还包括城市发展压力、不合适的维修/重建等;世界自然遗产濒危因素则还包括非法偷猎、捕捞,以及林业采伐、农业种植、放牧等农林生产活动等。中国世界遗产面临的首要威胁因素是旅游发展压力,管理问题、城市发展压力、水利工程建设等也较为突出。提出中国世界遗产保护建议:明确遗产旅游价值取向,加强高峰期游客管理,控制旅游设施建设规模;提升管理水平与管理能力,探索世界遗产管理的新体系、新思路;妥善处理好城市发展对世界文化遗产的保护压力,积极预防极端自然灾害的破坏;严格控制世界自然遗产地内的道路建设、水利工程建设等。     

Post-colonial heritage conservation in Africa: perspectives from drystone wall restorations at Khami World Heritage site,Zimbabwe

Abstract

Before colonialism, heritage sites such as Khami were considered resting places for ancestors, valued more for the spirit of place than their monumentality. In this context, local custodians hardly intervened with the fabric of the site. With the introduction of modern conservation principles, which persist to this day, vegetation control and wall restorations became part of routine conservation measures. This paper discusses drystone wall restorations carried out at Khami between 2000 and 2015 focusing on the disjuncture between indigenous and local concepts of heritage, concerned with access and preserving the spirit of ancestors, and ‘western’ principles of restoration. It argues that while ignoring the structural disintegration of Khami would have resulted in possible delisting from the World Heritage List, the ‘neglect’ which Khami experienced was in tandem with its local social context; being a resting place for ancestors. While the reconstructions interfered with an acceptable physical context of local beliefs, restorations maintained the integrity of the site as a tourist destination with positive local economic benefits. Although compromises are by their nature unsatisfactory, modern heritage conservation in Africa must adapt and improvise to achieve a mix of local and international practices to reflect changed and changing realities.     

虢国墓地出土麻织品保护修复

本研究针对河南三门峡虢国墓地M2009出土的麻织品中的主要文物麻裤、麻褂的保护修复过程进行相对全面而细致的阐述。以保存现状和病害分析为依据,制定以物理方法为主的保护修复方案。采用从清理、清洁(包括消毒以及有针对性的清洁措施等)到平复修整、形制复原、包装与保存等一系列合理的修复程序和操作方法进行操作实施,使这批麻织品得到了很好的保护,为以后进一步研究提供了保障。同时,总结了这次文物修复过程中的经验,如对于结构疏松的麻织物清洗力度的把控度、平整定形中的要点,以及对于文物形制确定的再认识等,为进一步可能实施的保护修复保存了一手资料,也为麻织品文物的研究及保护修复提供了宝贵的参考经验。     

Bafa Zon: localising World Heritage at Chief Roi Mata's Domain,Vanuatu

This paper critically examines local reactions and responses to the design and implementation of the buffer zone for a World Heritage property held under customary tenure, Chief Roi Mata's Domain (CRMD) in the Republic of Vanuatu. The primary goal is to consider the apparent contradictions and ambiguities inherent in the highly dynamic and contested process of rendering the globalised theory and praxis of buffering in a local context. Our case study brings to light some of the ways in which this process has enabled the landowning community of CRMD to rethink, and begin to remake, the buffer zone as an entity that incorporates both development and conservation concepts under the terms of the local idiom of bafa zon. Internal and external voices compete for influence in determining the local form and further evolution of the bafa zon at CRMD, and the first phases of this contested process are charted here. By supporting locally valued and accepted buffering measures, it may prove possible to realise simultaneously the objectives of World Heritage conservation and local economic development.     

Eco-sites,Song Traditions and Cultural Heritage in the Lower Yangzi Delta

This study explores the struggle to preserve both the cultural heritage and the eco-sites associated with heritage in one of the most affluent and economically developed regions in China. In the twenty-first century, the introduction of global norms deriving from UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage and World Heritage Sites has led to a series of measures at the local level to preserve items of cultural heritage that are likely to vanish due to the accelerated pace of development in the lower Yangzi delta. This study focuses particularly on Wu Songs, the traditional songs of delta populations, now entered into the national register for Intangible Cultural Heritage. Wu Songs were associated with labour in the rice paddies and travel along the waterways. The rice paddies and waterways were both essential elements of the traditional ecosystem, but are now imperilled in various ways by the impact of modernisation and globalisation. Issues of heritage value arise in different forms in the more affluent regions of China. As argued here, contention between ethnographers, land developers and municipal authorities, as well as commercial land use imperatives, dominate the conservation of eco-sites and Intangible Cultural Heritage in the delta region.     

四川地区潮湿气候环境下的馆藏陶瓷器文物的保护与修复

馆藏陶、瓷器文物的保护与修复,是文物保护与修复工作之一。由于各种原因,长期以来,全国从事陶、瓷器文物保护与修复的专业技术人员并不多,四川省博物馆在馆藏陶、瓷器文物的保护与修复工作中积累了一定的经验,因地制宜,探索出一套适合在四川地区潮湿气候环境下进行馆藏陶、瓷器文物的保护与修复的经验,以及如何正确选用保护材料和具体实施的方法与步骤。