Extraits de la Semaine de Synthèse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Civilisation. Le Mot et L’idée</Emphasis> (1930)

Sans résumé éric Brian est directeur d’études à l’école des hautes études en sciences sociales. Marie Jaisson est ma?tre de conférences à l’université de Tours.     

<<说文解字·水部>>补校

本文通过《原本玉篇残卷》等清代乾嘉学者未及见到的资料,对大徐本《说文解字》水部“泓、滴、瀑、潦”等十个字在释文方面所存在的明显问题上进行了补校。     

A bioarchaeological approach to the Iron Age in Switzerland: stable isotope analyses (δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C, δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N, δ<Superscript>34</Superscript>S) of human remains

In Switzerland, a large number of Iron Age burial sites were found in the last century. Changes in living conditions and socio-cultural behavior may have occurred over time and space and could be reflected in the dietary habits, social stratigraphy within populations and migration patterns. This study attempts to shed light on these aspects with the application of stable isotope analyses. Human remains from 11 different burial sites (n?=?164) in the area of today’s Swiss Plateau and Swiss Alpine regions were investigated. Temporal and geographical variations as well as sex and age-related dietary differences were analyzed through isotopic studies (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, and δ³⁴S). In total, the data of 129 individuals could be evaluated. Highly significant differences between the burial sites were found, with higher δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in the Alpine regions. Cultural and/or climatic changes as well as the different geological conditions might have led to distinct patterns of crop cultivation and animal husbandry and consequently to significantly different dietary habits in the Plateau and the Alpine regions. The data indicate a higher intake of millet and animal protein including early dairy production in the southern regions, probably influenced by the Mediterranean world. Cultural exchange between geographical regions might have been facilitated by migration during the Iron Age as suggested by the δ³⁴S.     

The influence of manuring on stable isotopes (δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C and δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N) in Celtic bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.): archaeobotanical and palaeodietary implications

This paper examines the impact of animal manure on δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C values in a legume, Celtic Black broad bean (Vicia faba). In a field experiment, V. faba was cultivated in plots treated with farmyard manure and pure sheep manure. The results indicate that highly intensive manuring can increase δ¹⁵N values in beans, stems, leaves and pods. In comparison, manuring had a relatively small impact on δ¹³C values. In terms of palaeodietary reconstructions, the high δ¹⁵N values in very intensively manured beans (+3?‰) are equivalent to the trophic-level effect. Based on the experimental results, it is suggested that high δ¹⁵N values in archaeobotanical remains of V. faba may be attributable to small-scale cultivation with intensive manuring.     

Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (<Emphasis Type="Italic">ca</Emphasis>. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives

This essay is an analysis of archaeological contributions to the understanding of Nigeria's cultural history between ca. 2000 B.C. and A.D. 1900 focusing on the following themes: the origins of food production; development and transformations in metallurgical traditions; the beginnings of social complexity; and the character of state formation and urbanism. The transformations in everyday material life as a result of the entanglement with the Atlantic commerce and ethnoarchaeological approaches to understanding material culture and archaeological contexts also receive attention. The essay provides pathways to some of the turning points in Nigeria's cultural history, shows the convergence and divergence of cultural historical developments in different parts of the country, and identifies the critical gaps in archaeological research agenda.     

Civilisation et Naissance de l’Histoire Mondiale Dans l’<Emphasis Type="Italic">Historie des Deux Indes</Emphasis> de Raynal

In the Histoire des deux Indes, the concept of civilization applies initially to the making of modern Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire, in which the commerce does much to promote the civil and political «enfranchisement» of the third-estate in sovereign states. For Raynal, this historical experience of Europeans serves as paradigm, based upon which he depreciates the civilization of the ancient empires of the two Indies, and also elaborates various political proposals for transformation, or even for abolition, of the European colonial empires. Thus, universalizing the political structure of modern Europe, and pursuing the realization of civil and political liberty in diverse modes, he announces the advent of historical and political space of the modern world, composed of nation-states against the background of the global commercial networks.     

《<金史>丛考》

《<金史>丛考》,陈晓伟,中华书局2022年11月出版。该书是《金史》文献学研究的最新探索成果,全书共分为六个部分,第一章“版本再审”,以修订本《金史》所涉南监本与百衲本异文校为线索,通过举证典型案例重新评判南监本的版本价值。还讨论了百衲本中影印八叶洪武覆刻本后印本“补版叶”以及修润两大问题。第二章“新本献疑”,通盘梳理修订本《金史》,逐条检讨校勘记,择要举例辨析,对不妥之处提出质疑。     

Rationalisation, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kunstwollen</Emphasis> et Moyens Techniques de L’Expressivité

Cet article cherche à retracer quelques-uns des éléments à la fois empiriques, historiques et sociologiques de la Sociologie de la musique de Max Weber. Même si ce dernier s’intéresse en premier lieu au processus de rationalisation qui traverse la civilisation occidentale, sa Sociologie de la musique est fondée sur l’idée de médium technique, qu’il explore dans plusieurs directions différentes. Nous revisitons ici cette idée au moyen de quelques exemples tirés de la musique occidentale et en particulier du répertoire romantique pour le piano.     

The Archaeology of the Plateau of Northwestern North America During the Late Prehistoric Period (3500–200 <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">B.P.</Emphasis>): Evolution of Hunting and Gathering Societies

The Plateau of northwestern North America offers one of the world's most important records of hunter–gatherer cultural diversity and evolutionary process. During the late prehistoric period, Plateau hunter–gatherers participated in a wide variety of mobile and sedentary mobility regimes, maintained diets emphasizing anadromous fish, roots, and larger game animals, and held patterns of social organization spanning egalitarian through ranked societies. In this paper, we provide a broad overview of the final 3500 years of human occupation on the Plateau that includes two primary goals. First, we provide a new chronology of late prehistoric cultural change and stability that integrates data from the Northern or Canadian Plateau and the Southern or Columbia Plateau. Second, we offer new ideas concerning the emergence, dispersal, and diversification of Plateau hunting and gathering societies. We close with recommendations for Plateau archaeology in the 21st century.